Fanapanel (ZK200775) is a highly selective AMPA/kainate antagonist with little activity against NMDA; have Ki values of 3.2 nM, 100 nM, and 8.5 μM against quisqualate, kainate, and NMDA, respectively.
Leptomerine, an alkaloid from stems of Esenbeckia leiocarpa Engl. (Rutaceae) as potential treatment for Alzheimer Disease. Leptomerine inhibits acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) with an IC50 of 2.5 μM. Anticholinesterasic activity[1].
Hymenidin is a natural antagonist of serotonergic receptor and inhibitor of voltage-gated potassium channels. Hymenidin also induces cancer cell apoptosis[1][2][3].
6-Acetonyl-N-methyldihydrodecarine is a natural alkaloid that can be isolated from roots of Zanthoxylum rigidum. An inhibitor of monoamine oxidases[1].
Brexpiprazole-d8-1 is the deuterium labeled Brexpiprazole[1]. Brexpiprazole (OPC-34712), an atypical orally active antipsychotic drug, is a partial agonist of human 5-HT1A and dopamine D2L receptor with Kis of 0.12 nM and 0.3 nM, respectively. Brexpiprazole is also a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist with a Ki of 0.47 nM. Brexpiprazole also shows potent antagonist activity at human noradrenergic α1B (Ki=0.17 nM) and α2C receptors (Ki=0.59 nM)[2][3].
(-)-Bicuculline methobromide (l-Bicuculline methobromide) is a potent GABAA receptor antagonist. (-)-Bicuculline methobromide blocks afterhyperpolarizations (AHPs) mediated by Ca2+-activated K+ channels in various types of neurons[1].
Pipofezine(Azafen or Azaphen) is a potent inhibitor of the reuptake of serotonin. IC50 Value: Target: SSRIsPipofezine is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) approved in Russia for the treatment ofdepression. In addition to its antidepressant action, pipofezine has sedative effects as well, indicating antihistamine activity.
Anagyrine is an alkaloid that has been found in L. albus and has nematocidal and anticancer activities[1].It binds to muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) with IC50 values of 132 and 2096 µM respectively[2].
L-Phenylalanine-13C9 ((S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid-13C9) is the 13C-labeled L-Phenylalanine. L-Phenylalanine ((S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid) is an essential amino acid isolated from Escherichia coli. L-Phenylalanine is a α2δ subunit of voltage-dependent Ca+ channels antagonist with a Ki of 980 nM. L-phenylalanine is a competitive antagonist for the glycine- and glutamate-binding sites of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) (KB of 573 μM ) and non-NMDARs, respectively. L-Phenylalanine is widely used in the production of food flavors and pharmaceuticals[1][2][3][4].
Bifeprunox is a potent dopamine D2-like and 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist with pKis of 7.19 and 8.83 for cortex 5-HT1A and striatum D2, and a pEC50 of 6.37 for hippocampus 5-HT1A, respectively. Bifeprunox is an antipsychotic for the research of schizophrenia[1][2].
CHBO4 is a potent, reversible, competitive, and selective hMAO-B inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.031 μM in CHBO subseries and an Ki value of 0.010 ± 0.005 μM. CHBO4 reduce cell damage by scavenging intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). CHBO4 can be used for Parkinson's Disease (PD) research[1].
N-Benzyloleamide is a maccamide isolated from Lepidium meyenii (Maca). N-Benzyloleamide irreversibly inhibits fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). N-benzyloleamide influences the energy metabolism and reveals antioxidant and antifatigue activities[1][2].
LSP-GR3 is a novel chemically-modified RNA oligonucleotides, called splice modulating oligomers (SMOs), which potently and specifically modulate GluR alternative splicing to GluR3-flip expression throughout the CNS.
Ropinirole-d3 (hydrochloride) is the deuterium labeled Ropinirole hydrochloride[1]. Ropinirole (SKF 101468) hydrochloride is an orally active, potent D3/D2 receptor agonist with a Ki of 29 nM for D2 receptor. Ropinirole hydrochloride has pEC50s of 7.4, 8.4 and 6.8 for hD2, hD3 and hD4 receptors, respectively. Ropinirole hydrochloride has no affinity for the D1 receptors. Ropinirole hydrochloride has the potential for Parkinson's disease[2][3].
BACE1-IN-2 is a 1,4-Oxazine β-Secretase 1 (BACE1) inhibitor with an IC50 of 22 nM[1].
Imnopitant dihydrochloride is a neurokinin NK1 receptor antagonist[1].
Pirlindole is a novel potent inhibitor of Enteroviruse that targets Viral Protein 2C, inhibits EV-B and EV-D through the inhibition of genome replication (CV-B3 EC50=9.91 uM).
3-Methylglutaconic acid is the major metabolites accumulating in 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria (MGTA). 3-Methylglutaconic acid can induce lipid oxidative damage and protein oxidative. 3-Methylglutaconic acid decreases the non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses in cerebral cortex supernatants to elicit oxidative stress in the cerebral cortex. 3-Methylglutaconic acid can be used for brain damage disease research[1].
Orphenadrine hydrochloride is an uncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist with Ki of 6.0 ±0.7 μM.IC50 value: 6.0 ±0.7 μM (Ki)Target: NMDA ReceptorOrphenadrine has been used as an antiparkinsonian, antispastic and analgesic drug. Orphenadrine inhibits [3H]MK-801 binding to the phencyclidine (PCP) binding site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor in homogenates of postmortem human frontal cortex with a Ki-value of 6.0 ±0.7 μM. The NMDA receptor antagonistic effects of orphenadrine were assessed using concentration- and patch-clamp techniques on cultured superior colliculus neurones. Orphenadrine blocked open NMDA receptor channels with fast kinetics and in a strongly voltage-dependent manner. The IC50-value against steady state currents at -70 mV was 16.2 ± 1.6 μM (n = 6). [1]. Orphenadrine competitively inhibited [3H]nisoxetine binding in rat vas deferens membranes (Ki = 1.05 ±0.20 μM). It can be concluded that orphenadrine, at low micromolar concentrations, interacts with the noradrenaline reuptake system inhibiting its functionality and thus potentiating the effect of noradrenaline [2].
THIP (Gaboxadol) is a selective δ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (δ-GABAAR) agonist, functionally selective GABAAR ligand, exhibits agonism at α4β1δ, α4β3δ and weak antagonism at αβγ and α4β2δ GABAARs[1].
Cipepofol (HSK3486), a sedative-hypnotic agent, is a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor potentiator[1].
Glycine-13C2,15N,d2 is the deuterium, 13C and 15N labeled Glycine[1]. Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS and also acts as a co-agonist along with glutamate, facilitating an excitatory potential at the glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors[2].
SKF 81297 is a potent and selective dopamine D1 receptor agonist[1].
Osmanthuside B can be isolated from Pseuderanthemum carruthersii (Seem.) Guill. var. atropurpureum (Bull.) Fosb and has weak acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity[1].
Duloxetine hydrochloride is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) with Ki of 4.6 nM, used for treatment of major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).Target: SNRIDuloxetine (sold under the brand names Cymbalta, Ariclaim, Xeristar, Yentreve, Duzela, Dulane) is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor(SNRI) manufactured and marketed by Eli Lilly. It is prescribed for major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Duloxetine also has approval for use in osteoarthiritis and musculoskeletal pain. Duloxetine failed the US approval for stress urinary incontinence amidst concerns over liver toxicity and suicidal events; however, it was approved for this indication in Europe, where it is recommended as an add-on medication in stress urinary incontinence instead of surgery. It can also relieve the symptoms of painful peripheral neuropathy, particularly diabetic neuropathy, and it is used to control the symptoms of fibromyalgia.The main uses of duloxetine are in major depressive disorder, general anxiety disorder, stress urinary incontinence, painful peripheral neuropathy,fibromyalgia, and chronic musculoskeletal pain associated with osteoarthritis and chronic lower back pain. It is being studied for various other indications.
Flibanserin is a novel multifunctional serotonin agonist and antagonist (MSAA) that improves sexual functioning in premenopausal women who suffer from reduced sexual interest and desire.IC50 value:Target: serotoninin vivo: The multifunctional serotonergic agent Flibanserin is both a serotonin 1A agonist and a serotonin 2A antagonist. Flibanserin theoretically improves sexual functioning by enhancing downstream release of dopamine and norepinephrine while reducing serotonin release in the brain circuits that mediate symptoms of reduced sexual interest and desire. Flibanserin, a new molecular entity for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in premenopausal women. Flibanserin improves interest in and desire for sex by hypothetically targeting these circuits and causing the release of dopamine and norepinephrine while also reducing the release of serotonin. Flibanserin has demonstrated clinical efficacy in premenopausal women who have reduced interest in and desire for sex and has 2 principal pharmacologic actions in microcircuits: it is a full agonist at postsynaptic serotonin 5HT1A receptors and an antagonist at postsynaptic 5HT2A receptors.
Milnacipran-d5 (hydrochloride) is deuterium labeled Milnacipran (hydrochloride).
MT-7716 hydrochloride (W-212393 hydrochloride) is a selective non-peptide nociceptin receptor (NOP) agonist and promising potential treatment drug for alcohol abuse and relapse prevention[1].
TPA 023 is a GABAA α2/α3 subtype-selective agonist, with Ki of 0.19-0.41 nM.
DL-Pyroglutamic acid (CAE) as an inactivator of hepatitis B surface, inactivates vaccinia virus, herpes simplex virus, and influenza virus except poliovirus. DL-Pyroglutamic acid is also a possible inhibitor of GABA transaminase, increases GABA amount with antiepileptic action[1][2].