GW542573X is a potent and selective Ca2+-activated K+ 2 (SK2) channels activator. GW542573X induces the Ca2+-response curve of hSK1 that left-shifted from an EC50 (Ca2+) value of 410 nM to 240 nM[1].
Psora-4 is a potent and selective inhibitor of Kv1.3 (voltage-gated potassium channels) with an EC50 of 3 nM[1]. Psora-4 has immunosuppressive activity and inhibits proliferation of human and rat myelin-specific effector memory T cells in vitro[2].
Endoxifen Z-isomer hydrochloride is the most important Tamoxifen metabolite responsible for eliciting the anti-estrogenic effects of this drug in breast cancer cells expressing estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα). Endoxifen inhibits hERG tail currents at 50 mV in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50 values of 1.6 μM.IC50 value: 1.6 μM [1]Target: hERG Potassium Channel, Estrogen Receptor/ERREndoxifen is considered a prodrug, since it has a much higher potency for the estrogen receptor than its parent drug. Endoxifen inhibits the hERG channel protein trafficking to the plasma membrane in a concentration-dependent manner with Endoxifen being more potent than Tamoxifen. [1] Endoxifen is also shown to be a more potent inhibitor of estrogen target genes when ERβ is expressed. Additionally, low concentrations of Endoxifen observed in Tamoxifen treated patients with deficient CYP2D6 activity (20 to 40 nM) markedly inhibit estrogen-induced cell proliferation rates in the presence of ERβ, whereas much higher Endoxifen concentrations are needed when ERβ is absent.[2]
Doxapram inhibits TASK-1, TASK-3, TASK-1/TASK-3 heterodimeric channel function with EC50 of 410 nM, 37 μM, 9 μM, respectively.Target: Potassium ChannelDoxapram is a respiratory stimulant. Doxapram (15-150 microM) also evoked 3H overflow in a concentration dependent manner, and doxapram-evoked release was inhibited by the Ca2+ channel blocker nifedipine (5 microM). Analysis of released tritiated compounds suggested that doxapram preferentially stimulated the release of dopamine. Our results indicate that the mechanism of action of doxapram shares similarities with that of hypoxia in the carotid body [1]. Doxapram (1-100 microM) caused rapid, reversible and dose-dependent inhibitions of K+ currents recorded in type I cells (IC50 approximately 13 microM). doxapram was also seen to directly inhibit Ca(2+)-independent K+ currents. Doxapram was a more potent inhibitor of the Ca(2+)-activated K+ currents recorded under control conditions. Doxapram (10 microM) was without effect on L-type Ca2+ channel currents recorded under conditions where K+ channel activity was minimized and was also without significant effect on K+ currents recorded in the neuronal cell line NG-108 15, suggesting a selective effect on carotid body type I cells. The effects of doxapram on type I cells show similarities to those of the physiological stimuli of the carotid body, suggesting that doxapram may share a similar mechanism of action in stimulating the intact organ [2].
2,2,2-Trichloroethanol, the active form of the sedative hypnotic drug chloral hydrate, is an agonist for the nonclassical K2P channels TREK-1 (KCNK2) and TRAAK (KCNK4)[1].
Rosuvastatin Calcium is a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase with IC50 of 11 nM. IC50 Value: 11 nM [1]Target: HMG-CoA reductasein vitro: Rosuvastatin is relatively hydrophilic and is highly selective for hepatic cells; its uptake is mediated by the liver-specific organic anion transporter OATP-C. Rosuvastatin is a high-affinity substrate for OATP-C with apparent association constant of 8.5 μM [2]. Rosuvastatin inhibits cholesterol biosynthesis in rat liver isolated hepatocytes with IC50 of 1.12 nM. Rosuvastatin causes approximately 10 times greater increase of mRNA of LDL receptors than pravastatin [1]. Rosuvastatin (100 μM) decreases the extent of U937 adhesion to TNF-α-stimulated HUVEC. Rosuvastatin inhibits the expressions of ICAM-1, MCP-1, IL-8, IL-6, and COX-2 mRNA and protein levels through inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and nuclear factor-kB in endothelial cells [3].in vivo: Rosuvastatin (3 mg/kg) daily administration for 14 days decreases plasma cholesterol levels by 26% in male beagle dogs with normal cholesterol levels. In cynomolgus monkeys, Rosuvastatin decreases plasma cholesterol levels by 22% [1]. Rosuvastatin (20 mg/kg/day) administration for 2 weeks, significantly reduces very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) in diabetes mellitus rats induced by Streptozocin [4]. Rosuvastatin shows antiatherothromhotic effects in vivo. Rosuvastatin (1.25 mg/kg) significantly inhibits thrombin-induced transmigration of monocvtes across mesenteric venules via inhibition of the endothelial cell surface expression of P-selectin, and increases the basal rate of nitric oxide in aortic segments by 2-fold times [5].
Ginsenoside Rg3 is the main component of Red ginseng. Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits Na+ and hKv1.4 channel with IC50s of 32.2±4.5 and 32.6±2.2 μM, respectively. Ginsenoside Rg3 also inhibits Aβ levels, NF-κB activity, and COX-2 expression.
Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride is an antagonist of the dopamine D2, 5HT2A, potassium channel andsodium channel. Chlorpromazine binds with D2 and 5HT2A with Kis of 363 nM and 8.3 nM, respectively.
RU-TRAAK-2 is a completely reversible TRAAK inhibitor, shows no activity for non-K2P channels (Kv1.2, Slo1 and GIRK2).
Ropivacain is a potent sodium channel blocker and acts as a local anesthetic agent. Ropivacain blocks impulse conduction via reversible inhibition of sodium ion influx in nerve fibrese[1][2]. Ropivacaine is also an inhibitor of K2P (two-pore domain potassium channel) TREK-1 with an IC50 of 402.7 μM in COS-7 cell's membrane[3]. Ropivacaine is used for the research of regional anesthesia and neuropathic pain management[1].
Phe-Met-Arg-Phe, amide dose dependently (ED50=23 nM) activates a K+ current in the peptidergic caudodorsal neurons.
Flindokalner (BMS-204352) is a potassium channel modulator. Flindokalner is a positive modulator of all neuronal Kv7 channel subtypes expressed in HEK293 cells. Flindokalner is also a large conductance calcium-activated K channel (BKca) positive modulator. Flindokalner shows a negative modulatory activity at Kv7.1 channels (Ki=3.7 μM), and acts as a negative modulator of GABAA receptors. Flindokalner shows anxiolytic efficacy in vivo[1][2].
ROMK-IN-32 is a potent, selective ROMK inhibitor with IC50 of 17 nM; shows an improved functional hERG/ROMK potency ratio (1176x) and preclinical PK profile; demonstrates blood pressure lowering effects in the spontaneously hypertensive rat model.
Dequalinium Chloride is a selective blocker of apamin-sensitive K+ channels.Target: Potassium ChannelDequalinium Chloride is a selective blocker of apamin-sensitive K+ channels. Treatment with Dequalinium chloride did not influence conditions caused by haemolytic streptococci -- verified by bacteriological examinations of pharyngeal smears -- inspite of its efficiency in vitro [1]. Dequalinium chloride (DECA), a cationic, lipophilic mitochondrial poison, selectively targets the mitochondrial membrane of certain epithelial carcinoma cells, in which it inhibits cellular energy production. Higher DECA doses under either regimen induced severe toxic effects and mortality [2].
(-)-(S)-Cibenzoline (Escibenzoline), a S(+)-enantiomer of Cibenzoline, is an antiarrhythmic agent[1].
Quinidine polygalacturonate is an antiarrhythmic agent. Quinidine polygalacturonate is a potent, orally active, selective cytochrome P450db inhibitor. Quinidine polygalacturonate is also a K+ channel blocker with an IC50 of 19.9 μM, and can induce apoptosis. Quinidine polygalacturonate can be used for malaria research[1][2][3][4].
Glibornuride is a blocker of ATP-sensitive K+ channels (KATP channel) with a pKi of 5.75[1]. Antidiabetic agent[2].
Phe-Met-Arg-Phe amide trifluoroacetate is an activator of K+ current, with ED50 of 23 nM in the peptidergic caudodorsal neurons.
4-Hydroxytolbutamide (Hydroxytolbutamide) is a metabolite of Tolbutamide. 4-Hydroxytolbutamide is metabolized by CYP2C8 and CYP2C9. Tolbutamide is a first generation potassium channel blocker and a sulfonylurea oral antidiabetic[1][2].
Foslevcromakalim (QLS-101) is a ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener. Foslevcromakalim is the prodrug used for ocular hypotensive effect[1][2].
Vernakalant-d6 (hydrochloride) is deuterium labeled Vernakalant.
Vernakalant hydrochloride is a mixed voltage- and frequency-dependent Na+ and atria-preferred K+ channel blocker. IC50 for block by Vernakalant of wild-type and mutant Kv1.5 channels Fractional block is 13.35±0.93 μM, 0.61±0.03 μM, and 1.63±0.09 μM for Kv1.5 channelwt, Kv1.5 channelI508F, Kv1.5 channelT479A, respectively.
Chlorpromazine D6 hydrochloride is the deuterium labeled Chlorpromazine. Chlorpromazine is an inhibitor of dopamine receptor, 5-HT receptor, potassium channel, sodium channel.
Tetrandrine is a bis-benzyl-isoquinoline alkaloid, which inhibits voltage-gated Ca2+ current (ICa) and Ca2+-activated K+ current.
N-Acetylprocainamide (Acecainide) hydrochloride is a class III antiarrhythmic, which blocks K+ channels[1].
Hydrochlorothiazid-13C,d2 is the 13C- and deuterium labeled. Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), an orally active diuretic drug of the thiazide class, inhibits transforming TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. Hydrochlorothiazide has direct vascular relaxant effects via opening of the calcium-activated potassium (KCA) channel. Hydrochlorothiazide improves cardiac function, reduces fibrosis and has antihypertensive effect[1][2][3].
BTK inhibitor 4b is a potent, highly selective inhibitors of BTK with IC50 of 4.2 and 0.9 nM against activated and unactivated BTK, respectively; demonstrates significant efficacy in models in vivo and good ADME and safety profiles.
Charybdotoxin, a 37-amino acid peptide isolated from venom of the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus var. hebraeus, is a K+ channel blocker[1].
Dofetilide(Tikosyn) is a class III antiarrhythmic agent.Target: Potassium ChannelIn patients with congestive heart failure and reduced left ventricular function, dofetilide was effective in converting atrial fibrillation, preventing its recurrence, and reducing the risk of hospitalization for worsening heart failure. Dofetilide had no effect on mortality [1]. dofetilide preferentially blocks open (or activated) channels and that the fast inactivation may competitively slow the binding kinetics. Dofetilide acts as a slow-onset/slow-offset open channel blocker of this current at nanomolar concentrations [2].
NS-1619 is a selective large conductance Ca2+-activated K+-channel activator.IC50 value: Target: Ca2+-activated K+-channel activatorNS 1619 (3-100 microM) produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of spontaneous activity in rat portal vein characterized by a reduction in the amplitude and duration of the tension waves. This inhibition was slightly potentiated in the presence of either charybdotoxin (250 nM) or penitrem A (1 microM) [1]. NS-1619 induced concentration-dependent activation of BKCa channels with a calculated EC50 of 32 microM. The NS 1619-induced activity was dependent on the presence of free Ca2+ at the intracellular surface, but was not associated with a change in channel voltage sensitivity [2]. NS 1619 (50 microM) inhibited the noradrenaline-induced contraction. NS 1619 (10-100 microM) reduced the high K+-induced contractions in a noncompetitive manner [3]. Inhalation of a 12 μM and 100 μM NS1619 solution significantly reduced RV pressure without affecting systemic arterial pressure. Blood gas analyses demonstrated significantly reduced carbon dioxide and improved oxygenation in NS1619-treated animals pointing towards a considerable pulmonary shunt-reducing effect. In PASMC's, NS1619 (100 μM) significantly attenuated PASMC proliferation by a pathway independent of AKT and ERK1/2 activation [4].