Voacamine, an indole alkaloid, isolated from Voacanga Africana, exhibits potent cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonistic activity[1]. Voacamine also inhibits P-glycoprotein (P-gp) action in multidrug-resistant tumor cells[1].
Etbicyphat (Trimethylopropane phosphate) is a potent GABA(A) receptors competitive antagonist. Etbicyphat induces epileptiform activities in hippocampal CA1 neurons, and binds to the GABA(A)-benzodiazepine receptors[1].
Guanosine 5'-diphosphate-15N5 (GDP-15N5) dilithium is 15N labeled Guanosine 5'-diphosphate (HY-113066). Guanosine 5'-diphosphate (GDP) is a nucleoside diphosphate that activates adenosine 5'-triphosphate-sensitive K+ channel. Guanosine 5'-diphosphate is a potential iron mobilizer, which prevents the hepcidin-ferroportin interaction and modulates the interleukin-6 (IL-6)/stat-3 pathway. Guanosine 5'-diphosphate can be used in the research of inflammation, such as anemia of inflammation (AI).
Ro 25-6981 is a potent and selective activity-dependent blocker of NMDA receptors containing the NR2B subunit. IC50 values are 0.009 and 52 μM for cloned receptor subunit combinations NR1C/NR2B and NR1C/NR2A respectively.IC50 value: 9 nM [1]Target: NMDA receptor subtype of NR1C & NR2Bin vitro: Ro 25-6981 inhibited 3H-MK-801 binding to rat forebrain membranes in a biphasic manner with IC50 values of 0.003 microM and 149 microM for high- (about 60%) and low-affinity sites, respectively. NMDA receptor subtypes expressed in Xenopus oocytes were blocked with IC50 values of 0.009 microM and 52 microM for the subunit combinations NR1C & NR2B and NR1C & NR2A, respectively, which indicated a >5000-fold selectivity [1]. Increasing the concentration of spermidine did not change the efficacy of RO 25-6981 and minimally changed the IC(50) value. Epsilon1Q336R receptors were more inhibited by ifenprodil and RO 25-9681 than wildtype epsilon1 receptors in ligand binding assays but not in functional assays [2].in vivo: Intrathecal injection of Ro 25-6981 significantly enhanced the paw withdrawal mechanical threshold and paw withdrawal thermal latency after the operation. Significant change has been observed after intrathecal injection of 800.0 μg of Ro 25-6981 and at 2h after operation in the oblique pull test degree and BBB rating score. Pretreatment of Ro 25-6981 decreased the high level expression of NR2B with tyrosine phosphorylation in spinal dorsal horn of the rat model after the operation [3].
Reversin 121 is a P-glycoprotein inhibitor. Reversin 121 increases the ATPase activity of MDR1. Reversin 121 reverses P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance. Reversin 121 can be used in the research of cancers[1][2].
Ilaprazole (IY-81149) sodium is an orally active proton pump inhibitor. Ilaprazole sodium irreversibly inhibits H+/K+-ATPase in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 of 6 μM in rabbit parietal cell preparation. Ilaprazole sodium is used for the research of gastric ulcers. Ilaprazole sodium is also a potent TOPK (T-lymphokine-activated killer cell-originated protein kinase) inhibitor[1][2].
LDN-212320(OSU-0212320) is a glutamate transporter EAAT2 activator; enhances EAAT2 levels by > 6 fold at concentrations < 5 μM after 24 h.IC50 value: 1.83 uM(EC50) [2]Target: EAAT2 activatorin vitro: LDN/OSU-0212320 increased EAAT2 protein levels in a dose-dependent(EC50=1.83 ± 0.27 μM) and time-dependent manner. LDN/OSU-0212320 increased EAAT2 protein levels and glutamate uptake function, but did not affect EAAT1 or EAAT3 protein levels. LDN/OSU-0212320 treatment markedly prevented neuronal loss and degeneration, as assessed by MAP2 immunostaining [2]. in vivo: After a single i.p. 40-mg/kg dose of LDN/OSU-0212320, EAAT2 protein levels and associated glutamate uptake increased by approximately 1.5- to 2-fold at 2 hours and by approximately 2- to 3-fold between 8 and 24 hours after injection. Even 72 hours after injection, an approximately 1.5-fold increase in EAAT2 protein levels could still be detected (data not shown). In addition, we found that LDN/OSU-0212320–induced EAAT2 protein levels and glutamate uptake were dose dependent [2].Small-molecule activator of glutamate transporter EAAT2 translation provides neuroprotectionBy Kong, Qiongman; Chang, Ling-Chu; Takahashi, Kou; Liu, Qibing; Schulte, Delanie A.; Lai, Liching; Ibabao, Brian; Lin, Yuchen; Stouffer, Nathan; Das Mukhopadhyay, Chitra; et alFrom Journal of Clinical Investigation (2014), 124(3), 1255-1267. Structure-activity relationship study of pyridazine derivatives as glutamate transporter EAAT2 activatorsBy Xing, Xuechao; Chang, Ling-Chu; Kong, Qiongman; Colton, Craig K.; Lai, Liching; Glicksman, Marcie A.; Lin, Chien-Liang Glenn; Cuny, Gregory D. From Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters (2011), 21(19), 5774-5777.
Flufenamic acid-13C6 is the 13C6 labeled Flufenamic acid. Flufenamic acid is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX), activates AMPK, and also modulates ion channels, blocking chloride channels and L-type Ca2+ channels, modulating non-selective cation channels (NSC), activating K+ channels. Flufenamic acid binds to the central pocket of TEAD2 YBD and inhibits both TEAD function and TEAD-YAP-dependent processes, such as cell migration and proliferation.
Vocacapsaicin (CA-008), a prodrug of Capsaicin, is a first-in-class non-opioid TRPV1 agonist. Vocacapsaicin can provide meaningful and long-lasting pain relief[1].
Anisatin, a pure toxic substance isolated from the seeds of a Japanese plant (Illicium anisatum) acts as a picrotoxin-like, non-competitive GABA antagonist. Anisatin suppresses GABA-induced currents in a concentration-dependent manner with an EC50 of ~1.10 μM[1].
Lercanidipine-13C,d3-1 (hydrochloride) is deuterium labeled Lercanidipine (hydrochloride). Lercanidipine hydrochloride is a lipophilic third-generation dihydropyridine-calcium channel blocker (DHP-CCB). Lercanidipine hydrochloride has long lasting antihypertensive action and reno-protective effect[1][2][3].
Etomidate(R-16659) is a GABAA receptors agonist, which is a short acting intravenous anaesthetic agent used for the induction of general anaesthesia.Target: GABA ReceptorEtomidate is a potent inhibitor of the adrenal response to surgery. The absence of clinical consequences associated with the blunted response suggests that a major increase in adrenal hormone production may not be necessary during surgery [1]. Etomidate is an intravenous induction agent that is associated with hemodynamic stability during intubation. The agent is therefore attractive for use in critically ill patients who have a high risk of hemodynamic instability during this procedure [2]. Etomidate use was not associated with all cause 28-day mortality or hospital mortality but was associated with significantly higher ICU mortality (91% vs. 64% for etomidate and controls groups, respectively; p = 0.02). Etomidate patients who received subsequent doses of hydrocortisone required lower doses of vasopressors and had more vasopressor-free days but no improvement in mortality [3].Clinical indications: FDA Approved Date: 1983Toxicity: Undesirable side effects of etomidate that may limit its use include pain on injection, myoclonus and adrenocortical suppression lasting 4-6 hours following an induction dose.
RJR 2429 hydrochloride is a α4β2 and α7 nAChR agonist[1].
DS2 is a selective positive allosteric modulator of δ-GABAA receptor. DS2 selectively potentiates GABA responses mediated by α4β3δ receptor. DS2 does not enhance activity at α4β3γ2 and α1β3γ2 receptors. DS2 relieves pain and has the potential for sleep disorders research[1].
DS-1971a is a potent, selective, and orally active NaV1.7 inhibitor, with IC50s of 22.8 and 59.4 nM for hNaV1.7 and mNaV1.7, respectively. DS-1971a exerts analgesic effects[1].
SET2 is a selective TRPV2 antagonist (IC50=0.46 μM). SET2 blocks the TRP channel and suppresses prostate cancer cells migration. SET2 reduces the lysophosphatidic acid (LPA, a TRPV2 activator)-induced cytoplasmic calcium increases[1].
Flufenamic acid-d4 is deuterium labeled Flufenamic acid. Flufenamic acid is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX), activates AMPK, and also modulates ion channels, blocking chloride channels and L-type Ca2+ channels, modulating non-selective cation channels (NSC), activating K+ channels. Flufenamic acid binds to the central pocket of TEAD2 YBD and inhibits both TEAD function and TEAD-YAP-dependent processes, such as cell migration and proliferation.
EIPA is a TRPP3 channel inhibitor with an IC50 of 10.5 μM. EIPA also inhibits Na+/H+-exchanger (NHE) and macropinocytosis.
NS 11021 is a potent and specific Ca2-activated big-conductance K＋ Channels (KCa1.1 channels) activator. NS 11021 at concentrations above 0.3 μM activates KCa1.1 in a concentration-dependent manner by parallelshifting the channel activation curves to more negative potentials[1].
Bifemelane is a nootropic compound. Bifemelan causes the first peak by stimulating release from intracellular Ca2+ stores and the second by capacitive entry through store–operated Ca2+ channels. Bifemelane will be provided as a pharmacological tool for basic studies on astrocytes[1].
GYKI53655 hydrochloride is an α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) antagonist.
Br-PBTC is a potent, 2/4 subtype-selective positive allosteric modulator of nAChRs (nicotinic acetylcholine receptors) with α2β2，α2β4，α4β2，α4β4，(α4β2)2α4 and (α4β2)2β2 EC50 ranges from 0.1~0.6 μM. Br-PBTC acts from the c-tail of an α subunit[1].
Ophiopogonin D, isolated from the tubers of Ophiopogon japonicus, is a rare naturally occurring C29 steroidal glycoside[1]. Ophiopogonin D is a CYP2J3 inducer that significantly inhibits Ang II induced NF-κB nuclear translocation, IκBα down-regulation, intracellular Ca2+ overload and activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines by increasing the expression of CYP2J2/EETs and PPARα in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Ophiopogonin D has been used to treat inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases for thousands of years[2].
Pyrantel is an orally active anthelmintic and an agonist of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). Pyrantel can cause spasmodic muscle paralysis in parasites. Pyrantel can be used in the study of parasitic infections such as ascariasis, hookworm infections, intestinal worms (pinworm infections), trichinosis and trichinosis[1][2].
DMP-543 (XR-543) is a KV7 channel blocker, also acts as a potent neurotransmitter release enhancer[1][2].
Niflumic acid-13C6 is the 13C6 labeled Niflumic acid. Niflumic acid, a Ca2+-activated Cl- channel blocker, is an analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
NBQX is a highly selective and competitive AMPA receptor antagonist.
L-Phenylalanine-13C6 ((S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid-13C6) is the 13C-labeled L-Phenylalanine. L-Phenylalanine ((S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid) is an essential amino acid isolated from Escherichia coli. L-Phenylalanine is a α2δ subunit of voltage-dependent Ca+ channels antagonist with a Ki of 980 nM. L-phenylalanine is a competitive antagonist for the glycine- and glutamate-binding sites of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) (KB of 573 μM ) and non-NMDARs, respectively. L-Phenylalanine is widely used in the production of food flavors and pharmaceuticals[1][2][3][4].
7-Chlorokynurenic acid is a selective antagonist at the glycine modulatory site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex and also a potent inhibitor of the reuptake of glutamate into synaptic vesicles with a Ki of 0.59 μM.
Reversin 205 ([Boc-Glu(Obzl)]2-Lys-Ome) is a P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) inhibitor. Reversin 205 is a peptide chemosensitizer[1].