Clemizole is an H1 histamine receptor antagonist, is found to substantially inhibit HCV replication. The IC50 of Clemizole for RNA binding by NS4B is 24±1 nM, whereas its EC50 for viral replication is 8 µM.
Propiomazine is an orally active antihistamine agent with sedative effects. Propiomazine can be used in the research of insomnia[1][2].
Pirolate is a histamine H1 receptor.
Imetit dihydrobromide (VUF 8325 dihydrobromide) is a high affinity and potent agonist of histamine H3 and H4 receptors, with Ki values of 0.3 and 2.7 nM, respectively. Imetit mimics histamine effect in triggering a shape change in eosinophils (EC50=25 nM)[1][2][3].
4-Methylhistamine is a potent agonist of histamine 4 receptor (H4R). 4-Methylhistamine has the potential for the research of immune-related diseases such as cancer and autoimmune disorders[1][2].
Samelisant (SUVN-G3031) is a potent and selective histamine H3 receptor (H3R) inverse agonist with good brain penetration and oral bioavailability. Samelisant has a similar binding affinity towards human (hH3R; Ki=8.7 nM) and rat (rH3R;Ki=9.8 nM) H3R indicating no inter-species differences. Samelisant can be used for the research of sleep-related disorders[1].
AVN-101 hydrochloride is a potent, brain-penetrant and orally active 5-HT7 receptor antagonist (Ki of 153 pM), with slightly lesser potency toward 5-HT6, 5-HT2A, and 5HT-2C receptors (Ki values of 2.04 nM, 1.56 nM, and 1.17 nM, respectively). AVN-101 hydrochloride also exhibits a rather high affinity toward histamine H1 (Ki of 0.58 nM) and adrenergic α2A, α2B, and α2C (Ki= 0.41-3.6 nM) receptors. AVN-101 hydrochloride can be studied in such diseases as general anxiety disorders, depression, schizophrenia, and multiple sclerosis[1].
(R)-(+)-Dimethindene maleate is an orally active H1-receptor blocker with antihistaminic properties in pigs[1].
A-940894 is a potent histamine H4 receptor antagonist, with Ki values of 7.6 nM (rat H4) and 71 nM (human H4). A-940894 exhibits with anti-inflammatory properties[1].
Lavoltidine (Loxtidine) is an an orally active, irreversible and highly potent histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Lavoltidine strongly inhibits gastric acid secretion and also induces hypergastrinemia[1].
Alcaftadine-D3 (R89674-D3) is a deuterium labeled Alcaftadine. Alcaftadine (HY-17039) is a H1 histamine receptor antagonist[1].
Lodoxamide tromethamine (U 42585 E) is a medication for the treatment of prophylaxis of mast cell-mediated allergic disease.
Dioxopromethazine is an orally active antihistamine. Dioxopromethazine inhibits asthmatic symptoms[1].
Clemizole hydrochloride is an H1 histamine receptor antagonist, is found to substantially inhibit HCV replication. The IC50 of Clemizole for RNA binding by NS4B is 24±1 nM, whereas its EC50 for viral replication is 8 µM.
GT-2016 is a potent, selective, and brain penetrant histamine H3 receptor antagonist with a Ki of 43.8 nM. GT-2016 displays selectivity against H1 and H2 receptors, and has non-active against histamine methyltransferase[1].
Irdabisant (CEP-26401) is a selective, orally active and blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetrant histamine H3 receptor (H3R) inverse agonist/inverse agonist with Ki values of 7.2 nM and 2.0 nM for rat H3R and human H3R, respectively. Irdabisant has relatively low inhibitory activity against hERG current with an IC50 of 13.8 μM. Irdabisant has cognition-enhancing and wake-promoting activities in the rat social recognition model. Irdabisant can be used to research schizophrenia or cognitive impairment[1][2].
Cimetidine is a histamine-2 (H2) receptor antagonist.IC50 Value: Target: Histamine-2 Receptorin vitro: Cimetidine, a partial agonist for H2R, has a pharmacological profile different from ranitidine and famotidine, possibly contributing to its antitumor activity on gastrointestinal cancers [1]. Cimetidine had no effect on the uptake and cytotoxicity of cisplatin in ovarian cancer cells with high OCT2 mRNA levels (IGROV-1 cells) [2]. Cimetidine showed no effect on proliferation, survival, migration and invasion of 3LL cells. Cimetidine reversed MDSC-mediated T-cell suppression, and improved IFN-γ production. [3]. Cimetidine-mediated down-regulation of NCAM involved suppression of the nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB, a transcriptional activator of NCAM gene expression [4].in vivo: the antitumor efficacy of cisplatin in mice bearing luciferase-tagged IGROV-1 xenografts was unaffected by cimetidine (P = 0.39). Data obtained in 18 patients receiving cisplatin (100 mg/m(2)) in a randomized crossover fashion with or without cimetidine (800 mg × 2) revealed that cimetidine did not alter exposure to unbound cisplatin [2]. cimetidine reduced CD11b(+)Gr-1(+) myeloid derived-suppressive cell (MDSC) accumulation in spleen, blood and tumor tissue of tumor-bearing mice [3]. Cimetidine exerts a beneficial effect on periodontal disease in rats, decreasing the RANKL/OPG ratio in gingival connective tissue and reducing alveolar bone resorption [5].
Psoralenoside is a benzofuran glycoside from Psoralea corylifolia[1]. Psoralenoside exhibits high binding affinities against histaminergic H1, calmodulin, and voltage-gated L-type calcium channels (E-value≥-6.5 Kcal/mol)[2]. Psoralenoside shows estrogen-like activity, osteoblastic proliferation accelerating activity, antitumor effects and antibacterial activity[3].
Dexchlorpheniramine is an potent and blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetrant histamine 1 (H1) receptor antagonist with anticholinergic properties. Dexchlorpheniramine can be used for researching allergies[1].
Betahistine Dihydrochloride is a histamine H3 receptors inhibitor used as an antivertigo drug.Target: Histamine ReceptorBetahistine, a structural analogue of histamine with weak histamine H(1) receptor agonist and more potent H(3) receptor antagonist properties. Betahistine acts centrally by enhancing histamine synthesis within tuberomammillary nuclei of the posterior hypothalamus and histamine release within vestibular nuclei through antagonism of H(3) autoreceptors [1].Therapeutic effects of betahistine in vestibular disorders result from its antagonist properties at histamine H(3) receptors (H(3)Rs). On inhibition of cAMP formation and [(3)H]arachidonic acid release, betahistine behaved as a nanomolar inverse agonist and a micromolar agonist. After acute oral administration, Betahistine increased t-MeHA levels with an ED(50) of 2 mg/kg, a rightward shift probably caused by almost complete first-pass metabolism. Therapeutic effects of betahistine result from an enhancement of histamine neuron activity induced by inverse agonism at H(3) autoreceptors [2].
GSK239512 is a potent and brain penetrated H3 receptor antagonist. GSK239512 can be used for the research of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD)[1].
H4R antagonist 3 (Example 18) is a histamine-4 receptor antagonist with an EC50 of ＜10 mM. H4R antagonist 3 can be used for the research of prevention of inflammatory, autoimmune, allergic, and ocular diseases[1].
Brompheniramine maleate is a histamine H1 receptors antagonist.Target: Histamine H1 ReceptorBrompheniramine maleate, is an antihistamine drug of the propylamine (alkylamine) class. It is readily available over the counter and is indicated for the treatment of the symptoms of the common cold and allergic rhinitis. It is a first-generation antihistamine. Brompheniramine has antidepressant properties, inhibiting reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin. Based on this knowledge, Arvid Carlsson and his colleagues, working at the Swedish company Astra AB, were able to derive the first marketed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, zimelidine, from brompheniramine. Brompheniramine had a long half-life and large volume of distribution in normal adults. It also had a prolonged antihistaminic effect in the skin as evidenced by suppression of the wheal and flare response to histamine and by suppression of pruritus [1, 2].
Enerisant is a potent, highly selective, competitive and orally active histamine H3 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist with IC50s of 2.89 nM and 14.5 nM against human and rat histamine H3 receptors, respectively[1].
Panaxydiol exhibits histamine-release inhibition activity[1].
Mirtazapine-d4 is deuterium labeled Mirtazapine. Mirtazapine (Org3770) is a potent and orally active noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA) agent. Mirtazapine is also a 5-HT2, 5-HT3, histamine H1 receptor and α2-adrenoceptor antagonist with pKi values of 8.05, 8.1, 9.3 and 6.95, respectively[1][2].
AChE-IN-14 is a potent cholinesterase inhibitor with IC50s of 0.46 , 0.48, and 0.44 μM for electric eel acetylcholinesterase (eeAChE), human recombinant acetylcholinesterase (hAChE), and equine serum butyrylcholinesterase (eqBuChE), respectively. AChE-IN-14 exhibits high affinity toward human H3 receptor (H3R; Ki= 159.8 nM). AChE-IN-14 can be used for the research of Alzheimer’s disease[1].
PF-03654746 is a potent and selective histamine H3 receptor antagonist with high brain penetration.PF-03654746 reduces allergen-induced nasal symptoms, might be a novel therapeutic strategy to further explore allergic rhinitis[1].PF-03654746 improves cognitive efficacy and disease-modifying effects in Alzheimer's disease (AD)[2].
VUF 8430 (dihydrobromide) is a potent and selective histamine H4 receptor agonist with a Ki of 31.6 nM and an EC50 of 50 nM[1].
CP-66948 is a histamine H2-receptor antagonist with gastric antisecretory activity and mucosal protective properties.