Ginsenoside Rh2 is isolated from the root of Ginseng. Ginsenoside Rh2 induces the activation of caspase-8 and caspase-9. Ginsenoside Rh2 induces cancer cell apoptosis in a multi-path manner.
4-Pyridoxic acid is a catabolic product of vitamin B6 which is excreted in the urine.
Ginsenoside F1, an enzymatically modified derivative of Ginsenoside Rg1, demonstrates competitive inhibition of CYP3A4 activity and weaker inhibition of CYP2D6 activity.
Alisol G is a natural product extracted from Rhizoma Alismatis.
Taurine is an organic acid widely distributed in animal tissues.Target: OthersTaurine is a major constituent of bile and can be found in the large intestine and accounts for approximately 0.1% of total human body weight [1]. Taurine is present in high concentration in algae and in the animals including insects and arthropods, but is generally absent or present in traces in the bacterial and plant kingdoms [2]. In cardiac tissue alone, taurine levels of 20 mM or higher may be found. Taurine availability protects against cholestasis induced by monohydroxy bile acids remains confined to guinea pigs [3]. Oral supplementation of taurine results in increased plasma taurine concentrations and is associated with normalization of left ventricular function in both groups of cats. Myocardial concentrations of taurine are directly related to plasma concentrations and low plasma concentrations are found to be associated with myocardial failure in cats, proposing a direct link occurs between decreased taurine concentration in the myocardium and decreased myocardial mechanical function [4].
2-Benzoxazolinone is an anti-leishmanial agent with an LC50 of 40 μg/mL against L. donovani[1]. A building block in chemical synthesis. 1,3-Benzoxazol-2(3H)-one derivatives have antimicrobial activity against a selection of Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and yeasts[3]. Derivatives as anti-quorum sensing agent[4].
4-Acetamidobutanoic acid (N-acetyl GABA) is a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative.
Hydrastine is a natural alkaloid which is present in Hydrastis canadensis and other plants of the ranunculaceae family.
Hosenkoside A is a baccharane glycoside isolated from the seeds of impatiens balsamina.
Triptolide is a diterpenoid triepoxide extracted from the root of Tripterygium wilfordii with immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects. Triptolide is a NF-κB activation inhibitor.
Desaminotyrosine is a microbially associated metabolite protecting from influenza through augmentation of type I interferon signaling.
Isoalantolactone is an apoptosis inducer, which also acts as an alkylating agent.
Xanthurenic acid is a putative endogenous Group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, on sensory transmission in the thalamus.
Mogrol is a biometabolite of mogrosides, and acts via inhibition of the ERK1/2 and STAT3 pathways, or reducing CREB activation and activating AMPK signaling.
Genipin 1-β-D-gentiobioside (Genipin 1-gentiobioside) is one of the most abundant and bioactive iridoid glycosides in Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, which possesses hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antithrombotic activities.
D-Glutamine is a cell-permeable D type stereoisomer of Glutamine.
Ginsenoside C-K, a bacterial metabolite of G-Rb1, exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by reducing iNOS and COX-2. Ginsenoside C-K exhibits an inhibition against the activity of CYP2C9 and CYP2A6 in human liver microsomes with IC50s of 32.0±3.6 μM and 63.6±4.2 μM, respectively.
Ajugol is an iridiod glucoside.
Quercitrin is a natural compound found in Tartary buckwheat with a potential anti-inflammation effect that is used to treat heart and vascular conditions.IC50 value:Target:In vitro: There were significant increases in caspase-3 activity, loss of MMP, and increases in the apoptotic cell population in response to quercitrin in DLD-1 colon cancer cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. [1] In vivo: ICR mice received CCl4 intraperitoneally with or without quercitrin co-administration for 4 weeks. Data showed that quercitrin significantly suppressed the elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, reduced tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) activity, enhanced the antioxidant enzyme activities and abrogated cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) induction in mouse brains. [2]
Ellipticine hydrochloride is a potent antineoplastic agent; inhibits DNA topoisomerase II activities.
Dodecanedioic acid (C12) is a dicarboxylic acid which is a water-soluble substance with a metabolic pathway intermediate to those of lipids and carbohydrates.
Erianin, often used as an antipyretic and analgesic agent, could inhibit IDO-induced tumor angiogenesis.
Dehydroascorbic acid, a blood-brain barrier transportable form of vitamin C, mediates potent cerebroprotection in experimental stroke.
p-Coumaric acid is the abundant isomer of cinnamic acid which has antitumor and anti-mutagenic activities.
Mevalonic acid is a dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.
L-Norleucine is an isomer of leucine, specifically affects protein synthesis in skeletal muscle, and has antivirus activity.
Progesterone is a steroid hormone that regulates the menstrual cycle and is crucial for pregnancy.
Atropine sulfate monohydrate is a competitive muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist.Target: mAChRAtropine is a naturally occurring tropane alkaloid extracted from deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna), Jimson weed (Datura stramonium), mandrake (Mandragora officinarum) and other plants of the family Solanaceae. Atropine is a competitive antagonist of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (acetylcholine being the main neurotransmitter used by the parasympathetic nervous system). Atropine dilates the pupils, increases heart rate, and reduces salivation and other secretions [1].
3-Indolepropionic acid is shown to be a powerful antioxidant and has potential in the treatment for Alzheimer’s disease.
Docosatrienoic acid is a rare ω-3 fatty acid; inhibits LTB4 binding to pig neutrophil membranes with an Ki of 5 μM.