Uracil is a common and naturally occurring pyrimidine derivative and one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of RNA.
2-Naphthol is a metabolite of naphthalene, catalyzed by cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes (CYP 1A1, CYP 1A2, CYP 2A1, CYP 2E1 and CYP 2F2).
Thiamine hydrochloride is an essential micronutrient needed as a cofactor for many central metabolic enzymes.
Oxindole (Indolin-2-one) is an aromatic heterocyclic building block. 2-indolinone derivatives have become lead compounds in the research of kinase inhibitors.
3-Methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid is a precursor of pantothenic acid in Escherichia coli.
Sapropterin dihydrochloride is a synthetic form of BH4 that is approved for the treatment of BH4 responsive PKU. (1) Sapropterin dihydrochloride can stimulate TH and TPH activities leading to improved dopamine and serotonin synthesis despite persistently elevated brain phenylalanine.(2) Sapropterin dihydrochloride is used to lower blood phenylalanine levels in tetrahydrobiopterin-responsive phenylketonuria in conjunction with a phenylalanine-restricted diet.
(±)-Carnitine chloride exists in two isomers, known as D and L. L-carnitine plays an essential role in the β-oxidation of fatty acids and also shows antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities.
Nicotinamide N-oxide, an in vivo nicotinamide metabolite, is a potent, and selective antagonist of the CXCR2 receptor.
Isomaltose is composed of two glucose units and suitable as a non-cariogenic sucrose replacement and is favorable in products for diabetics and prediabetic dispositions.
trans-Zeatinriboside is a type of cytokinin precursor, acts as a major long-distance signalling form in xylem vessels, regulates leaf size and meristem activity-related traits.
2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)acetic acid is a plasma metabolite, with high sensitivity and specificity value as a biomarker for discriminating between NSCLC and healthy controls.
Coixol is a natural product extracted from Coix Lachryma-Jobi var. ma-yuen.IC50 value:Target:In vitro: Confluent NCI-H292 cells were pretreated with oleic acid, linoleic acid, glyceryl trilinoleate, beta-stigmasterol or coixol for 30 min and then stimulated with PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate), EGF (epidermal growth factor) or TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α) for 24 h. Coixol inhibited the expression of MUC5AC mucin gene and production of MUC5AC mucin protein, induced by EGF or TNF-α from NCI-H292 cells; Coixol decreased PMA-induced MUC5AC mucin secretion from NCI-H292 cells [1]. βTC-6 cells were incubated in 2 mM and 20 mM glucose in thepresence of coixol (200 μM) for 60 min at 37°C in Krebs-RingerBicarbonate buffer. Decreased insulin staining was observed by coixol at 20 mM glucose (bottom) suggest that coixol stimulated insulin secretion at high glucose concentration [2].In vivo:
γ-Aminobutyric acid (4-Aminobutyric acid) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult mammalian brain[1][2], binding to the ionotropic GABA receptors (GABAA receptors) and metabotropic receptors (GABAB receptors)[2].
Linoleic acid is a critical component of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Licochalcone A, a flavonoid isolated from the famous Chinese medicinal herb Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, presents obvious anti-cancer effects. The IC50 value is 0.97 μM for UGT1A1.
p-Hydroxycinnamic acid, a common dietary phenol, could inhibit platelet activity, with IC50s of 371 μM, 126 μM for thromboxane B2 production and lipopolysaccharide-induced prostaglandin E2 generation, respectively.
Inosine, an endogenous purine nucleoside, has immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, and analgesic properties. In vitro: Inosine has been shown to stimulate axonal growth in cell culture and promote corticospinal tract axons to sprout collateral branches after stroke, spinal cord injury and TBI in rodent models.[1] Inosine dose-dependently stimulates cAMP production mediated through the A2AR. Inosine dose-dependently induces A2AR-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation.[2] In vivo: The reference for Inosine is 1 or 10 mg/kg, i.p. Preventive treatment with inosine inhibits the development and progression of EAE in C57Bl/6 mice. neuroinflammation and demyelinating processes are blocked by inosine treatment. Additionally, inosine consistently inhibits IL-17 levels in peripheral lymphoid tissue, as well as IL-4 levels and A2AR up-regulation in the spinal cord, likely, through an ERK1-independent pathway. [3] inosine acting through adenosine receptors (ARs) exerts a wide range of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in vivo. [2]
Bisantrene is a highly effective antitumor drug, targets eukaryotic type II topoisomerases.
Hydroxycotinine is the main nicotine metabolite detected in smokers urine.
(+)-Sparteine is a natural alkaloid acting as a ganglionic blocking agent. (+)-Sparteine competitively blocks nicotinic ACh receptor in the neurons.
Lobetyolin is derived from Codonopsis pilosula and has antioxidative effect.
6-Aminocaproic acid is an antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.Target: Others6-aminohexanoic acid is a derivative and analogue of the amino acid lysine, which makes it an effective inhibitor for enzymes that bind that particular residue. Such enzymes include proteolytic enzymes like plasmin, the enzyme responsible for fibrinolysis. Aminocaproic acid is also an intermediate in the polymerization of Nylon-6, where it is formed by ring-opening hydrolysis of caprolactam.Aminocaproic acid is used to treat excessive postoperative bleeding, especially after procedures in which a great amount of bleeding is expected, such as cardiac surgery. Aminocaproic acid can also be used to treat the overdose and/or toxic effects of the thrombolytic pharmacologic agents tissue plasminogen activator and streptokinase [1, 2].
Caftaric acid is a natural product.
Ingenol-5,20-acetonide is an intermediate from ingenol for synthesis of ingenoids; improved stability compared to ingenol.
Ibotenic acid has agonist activity at both the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and trans-ACPD or metabolotropic quisqualate (Qm) receptor sites.
Chenodeoxycholic Acid is a hydrophobic primary bile acid that activates nuclear receptors (FXR) involved in cholesterol metabolism.
N-Methylhydantoin is a product of degradation of creatinine by bacteria.