Jionoside B1 is a phenylpropanoid isolated from herbs of Eriophyton wallichii.
HEX3 is a fragment of the adenoviral hexon. Hexon is the major capsid protein of adenovirion and is comprised of three identical polypeptide chains.
Siamenoside I is one of the mogrosides that has several kinds of bioactivities.
Closthioamide is a potent inhibitor of bacterial DNA gyrase and highly active against Ec, MRSA, VRE and Mv), with MICs of 9.00 μM, 0.58 μM, 0.58 μM and 72.03 μM respectively.
Pioglitazone is a potent and selective PPARγ agonist with high affinity binding to the PPARγ ligand-binding domain with EC50 of 0.93 and 0.99 μM for human and mouse PPARγ, respectively.
Calcifediol is a major circulating metabolite of vitamin D3, acting as a competitive inhibitor with an apparent Ki of 3.9 μM, suppresses PTH secretion and mRNA (ED50=2 nM).
Isosilybin (Isosilybinin) is a flavonoid from milk thistle; inhibits CYP3A4 induction with an IC50 of 74 μM.
Nicotinamide is a form of vitamin B3 that plays essential roles in cell physiology through facilitating NAD+ redox homeostasis and providing NAD+ as a substrate to a class of enzymes that catalyze non-redox reactions. Nicotinamide is an inhibitor of SIRT1.
Tannic acid is a novel hERG channel blocker with IC50 of 3.4 μM.
S-Allyl-L-cysteine, one of the organosulfur compounds found in AGE, possess various biological effects including neurotrophic activity, anti-cancer activity, anti-inflammatory activity.
Dihydrokavain is one of the six major kavalactones found in the kava plant; appears to contribute significantly to the anxiolytic effects of kava, based on a study in chicks.
Piceatannol 3'-O-glucoside, an active component of Rhubarb, activates endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase through inhibition of arginase activity with IC50s of 11.22 µM and 11.06 µM against arginase I and arginase II, respectively.
Cycloastragenol, a natural tetracyclic triterpenoid, was first identified when screening Astragalus membranaceus extracts for active ingredients with antiaging properties. IC50 value:Target:In vitro: In the study of Cycloastragenolon the treatment of degenerative diseases, the result showed that first-pass intestinal metabolism of cycloastragenol might occur upon passage through the intestinal epithelium. Cycloastragenol underwent extensive metabolism in rat and human liver microsomes with only 17.4% and 8.2%, respectively, of the starting amount of Cycloastragenol remaining after 30 min of incubation [1]. The present study demonstrates that cycloastragenol stimulates telomerase activity and cell proliferation in human neonatal keratinocytes. In particular, cycloastragenol promotes scratch wound closure of human neonatal keratinocyte monolayers in vitro [3]. In vivo: Rats were treated with Cycloastragenol (40 mg·kg- 1·d- 1) for 7 days to induce hepatic microsomal enzyme. The result showed that compared with the control, cycloastragenol obviously activated CYP2E1, and remarkably inhibited CYP3A4 [2].
Uracil is a common and naturally occurring pyrimidine derivative and one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of RNA.
Isovaleramide is an active principle on central nervous system from Valeriana pavonii, as an anticonvulsant.Target：in vitro: Isovaleramide (300 μM) exhibits a 42% of inhibition of the binding of 3H-FNZ to its sites.in vivo: Isovaleramide at 100 mg/Kg, p.o, evidences a 90% index protection against the maximal electroshock seizure in mice (MES).
3-Hydroxyhippuric acid is an acyl glycine. Acyl glycines are normally minor metabolites of fatty acids.
2-Naphthol is a metabolite of naphthalene, catalyzed by cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes (CYP 1A1, CYP 1A2, CYP 2A1, CYP 2E1 and CYP 2F2).
Beta Carotene is an organic compound and classified as a terpenoid. It is a precursor (inactive form) of vitamin A.Target: OthersBeta Carotene is a strongly colored red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruits.β-Carotene is biosynthesized from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. It is a member of the carotenes, which are tetraterpenes, synthesized biochemically from eight isoprene units and thus having 40 carbons. Among this general class of carotenes, β-carotene is distinguished by having beta-rings at both ends of the molecule. Absorption of β-carotene is enhanced if eaten with fats, as carotenes are fat soluble [1, 2].
Geniposide is an iridoid glucoside extracted from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fruits; exhibits a varity of biological activities such as anti-diabetic, antioxidative, antiproliferative and neuroprotective activities.
Thiamine hydrochloride is an essential micronutrient needed as a cofactor for many central metabolic enzymes.
Echinacoside is a natural polyphenolic compound, has various kinds of pharmacological activities, such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, nitric oxide radical-scavenging and vasodilative ones.IC50 value:Target:in vitro: Echinacoside(ECH) dose dependently inhibited HEWL aggregation, and this inhibition occurred in different fiber-forming stages. ECH could also scavenge the DPPH and OH free radicals in a concentration-dependent manner. ECH could increase viability of rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells injured by Aβ and suppress the increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) triggered by Aβ [1]. Transient treatment with echinacoside inhibits cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation caused by ensuing rotenone exposure via activating Trk-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway in neuronal cells [2]. ECH caused a significant increase in cell proliferation, ALP activity, COL I contents, OCN levels and an enhancement of mineralization in osteoblasts at the concentration range from 0.01 to 10nmol·L(-1) (p<0.05), suggesting that ECH has a stimulatory effect on osteoblastic bone formation or has potential activity against osteoporosis [4]. in vivo: In OVX rats, the increases of body weight, serum hydroxyproline (HOP) levels, and the decreases of uterus wet weight and BMD were significantly reversed by ECH treatment [3]. Echinacoside (60 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneally to mice at 1 h prior to GalN/LPS exposure. Pretreatment with echinacoside remarkably improved the survival rate of GalN/LPS-treated mice and attenuated acute hepatotoxicity, as demonstrated by decreased ALT levels and improved histological signs. Echinacoside shows both anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties, characterized by a substantial inhibition of hepatocyte apoptosis and a significant reduction in the inflammatory markers, including myeloperoxidase, extracellular nucleosomes, high-mobility group box 1, and inflammatory cytokines in the plasma of mice, which may be important mechanisms related to its protective effect [5].
Glucosamine is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids, is used as a dietary supplement.
Cinobufotalin is one of the bufadienolides prepared from toad venom; has anticancer activity.IC50 value:Target:in vitro: Cinobufotalin(CB) caused significant DNA fragmentation, decrease of MMP, and an increase in the intracellular Ca(2+) ion and ROS production. In addition, CB induced upregulation of Fas protein, proteolytic activation of cytochrome c, caspase-2, -3, -8 and -9 together with the activation of Bid and Bax [1]. cinobufotalin displayed considerable cytotoxicity against lung cancer cells (A549, H460 and HTB-58 lines) without inducing significant cell apoptosis. cinobufotalin mainly induces Cyp-D-dependent non-apoptotic death in cultured lung cancer cells [2]. cinobufotalin (at nmol/L) significantly inhibited HCC cell growth and survival while inducing considerable cell apoptosis. Further, cinobufotalin inhibited sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) activity and induced pro-apoptotic ceramide production. cinobufotalin inactivated Akt-S6K1 signaling in HepG2 cells, which was again inhibited by ceramide synthase-1 shRNA-depletion [3].in vivo: Using a mice xenograft model, we found that cinobufotalin inhibited A549 lung cancer cell growth in vivo [2].
Protocatechuic acid is a phenolic compound which exhibits neuroprotective effect.
Alfuzosin hydrochloride is an α1 adrenergic receptor antagonist used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).Target: α1 adrenergic receptorAlfuzosin, a new quinazoline derivative, acts as a selective and competitive antagonist of alpha 1-adrenoceptor-mediated contraction of prostatic, prostatic capsule, bladder base and proximal urethral smooth muscle, thereby reducing the tone of these structures. Consequently, urethral pressure and resistance, bladder outlet resistance, bladder instability and symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia are reduced. A limited range of clinical studies have shown oral alfuzosin to be more effective than placebo (in studies of < or = 6 months duration), to have sustained effects on long term administration (< or = 30 months), and to be comparable with the alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin, in the symptomatic treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.Oral alfuzosin 7.5 to 10 mg/day in divided doses appears to be a promising first-line agent for symptomatic treatment of noncomplicated mild to moderate benign prostatic hyperplasia in patients with a high dynamic component to their obstruction. In addition, alfuzosin offers an alternative to prostatectomy (the current 'gold standard') in patients who require surgery but are unfit for this treatment, and in patients requiring symptomatic relief while awaiting surgery.
Oxindole (Indolin-2-one) is an aromatic heterocyclic building block. 2-indolinone derivatives have become lead compounds in the research of kinase inhibitors.
3-Methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid is a precursor of pantothenic acid in Escherichia coli.
Agarotetrol is a chromone derivative isolated from Agarwood.
Perisesaccharide C is an oligosaccharide isolated from the root barks of Periploca sepium.