Ornidazole(Ro 7-0207) is a 5-nitroimidazole derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial properties against anaerobic bacteria. Target: Antibacterial; AntiparasiticOrnidazole is a drug that cures some protozoan infections. Ornidazole 1 g/day is effective for the prevention of recurrence of Crohn's disease after ileocolonic resection [1]. Ornidazole is converted to reduction products that interact with DNA to cause destruction of helical DNA structure and strand leading to a protein synthesis inhibition and cell death in susceptible organisms [2].
Cardamonin is a novel antagonist of hTRPA1 cation channel with an IC50 of 454 nM.
Hederacoside C is a principal bioactive pharmaceutical ingredient of Hedera helix leaf that can treat respiratory disorders, because of its expectorant, bronchodilator, antibacterial, and bronchospasmolytic effects.
Citraconic acid belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids.
Arctigenin is a lignan found in certain plants of the Asteraceae; it has shown antiviral and anticancer effects in glass; it is the aglycone of arctiin.IC50 value: Target: anticancer agentArctiin and its aglucone, arctigenin from the fruits of Arctium lappa L. showed potent in vitro antiviral activities against influenza A virus (A/NWS/33, H1N1) (IFV). Based on the data from time-of-addition experiments and on release tests of progeny viruses, arctigenin was assumed to interfere with early event(s) of viral replication after viral penetration into cells, and to suppress the release of progeny viruses from the host cells [1]. arctigenin treatment reduced viability of bladder cancer T24 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner after treatment with arctigenin (10, 20, 40, 80, and 100 μmol/L) for 24 hr and 48 hr. Arctigenin treatment clearly arrested tumor cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. At the molecular level, arctigenin treatment decreased cyclin D1 expression, whereas CDK4 and CDK6 expression levels were unaffected. Moreover, arctigenin selectively altered the phosphorylation of members of the MAPK superfamily, decreasing phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and activated phosphorylation of p38 significantly in a dose-dependent manner [2]. The use of arctigenin has been shown to be effective in a mouse model of Japanese encephalitis [3].
Ubiquinone-1 is an intermediate in the synthesis of Coenzyme Q.
Sotetsuflavone is a potent inhibitor of DENV-NS5 RdRp (Dengue virus NS5 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) with an IC50 of 0.16 uM, is the most active compound of this series .
Shikimic acid is a key metabolic intermediate of the aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathway, found in microbes and plants.
(S)-Nornicotine is a metabolite of nicotine.
Glycitein is a soybean (yellow cultivar) isoflavonoid; used in combination with other isoflavonoids such as genistein and daidzein to study apoptosis and anti-oxidation processes.
8-Hydroxyguanosine is a systematic marker of oxidative stress and a marker of hydroxyl radical damage to RNA.
Xylan represents the main hemicellulose component in the secondary plant cell walls of flowering plants. Xylan is a polysaccharide made from units of xylose and contains predominantly β-D-xylose units linked as in cellulose.
Bavachalcone is a major bioactive compounds isolated from Psoralea corylifolia L.; has been widely used as traditional Chinese medicine; antibiotic or anticancer agent.IC50 value:Target:Bavachalcone inhibited osteoclast formation from precursor cells with the IC(50) of approximately 1.5 microg ml(-1). The activation of MEK, ERK, and Akt by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL), the osteoclast differentiation factor, was prominently reduced in the presence of bavachalcone. The induction of c-Fos and NFATc1, key transcription factors for osteoclastogenesis, by RANKL was also suppressed by bavachalcone [1]. Bavachalcone exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on baculovirus-expressed BACE-1 in vitro [2]. Bavachalcone had stronger inhibition on UGT1A1 and UGT1A7 than corylin which did not inhibit UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A7, UGT1A8, UGT1A10, and UGT2B4. Data fitting using Dixon and Lineweaver-Burk plots demonstrated the noncompetitive inhibition of bavachalcone against UGT1A1 and UGT1A7-mediated 4-MU glucuronidation reaction. The values of inhibition kinetic parameters (Ki) were 5.41 μ M and 4.51μ M for UGT1A1 and UGT1A7, respectively [3].
L-Cysteine is a thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine.
Quercetagetin (6-Hydroxyquercetin) is the major flavonoid isolated from Citrus unshiu (C. unshiu) peel[3]. Quercetagetin is a moderately potent and selective, cell-permeable pim-1 kinase inhibitor (IC50, 0.34 μM)[1]. Anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties.
Castanospermine inhibits all forms of α- and β-glucosidases, especially glucosidase l (required for glucoprotein processing by transfer of mannose and glucose from asparagine-linked lipids).target：α- and β-glucosidases.IC 50: 1.2 uM [2] in vitro :Castanospermine, [(1 S,6S,7R,8R,8aR)-1 ,6,7,8-tetrahydroxyoctahydroindolizine]is a potent and specific inhibitor of mammalian and plant α-and β-D-glucosidases in vitro [1] in vivo: Experiments in vivo with castanospermine, an inhibitor of the glucosidases that convert protein N-linked high mannose carbohydrates to complex oligosaccharides, resulted in significant inhibition of tumor growth in nude mice.[3]
m-Tyramine is an endogenous trace amine neuromodulator. m-Tyramine has effects on the adrenergic and dopaminergic receptor.
Hydrocinnamic acid is the major rhizospheric compound with known growth regulatory activities.
Arenobufagin is a natural bufadienolide from toad venom; has potent antineoplastic activity against HCC HepG2 cells as well as corresponding multidrug-resistant HepG2/ADM cells.IC50 value: Target: in vitro: arenobufagin induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in HCC cells, with decreasing mitochondrial potential, as well as increasing Bax/Bcl-2 expression ratio, Bax translocation from cytosol to mitochondria. Arenobufagin also induced autophagy in HepG2/ADM cells. Autophagy-specific inhibitors (3-methyladenine, chloroquine and bafilomycin A1) or Beclin1 and Atg 5 small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) enhanced arenobufagin-induced apoptosis, indicating that arenobufagin-mediated autophagy may protect HepG2/ADM cells from undergoing apoptotic cell death [1]. arenobufagin inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced viability, migration, invasion and tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro [2]. Arenobufagin blocked the Na+/K+ pump current in a dose-dependent manner with a half-maximal concentration of 0.29 microM and a Hill coefficient of 1.1 [3].in vivo: arenobufagin inhibited the growth of HepG2/ADM xenograft tumors, which were associated with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, light chain 3-II activation and mTOR inhibition [1]. Arenobufagin also suppressed sprouting formation from VEGF-treated aortic rings in an ex vivo model [2].
L-Octanoylcarnitine is the physiologically active form of octanoylcarnitine.
Combretastatin A4 is a microtubule-targeting agent that binds β-tubulin with Kd of 0.4 μM.
Icariside I is a metabolite of Icarlin, which could regulate bone remodeling and is recognized as an effective agent for the treatment of osteoporosis.
Pefloxacin is a an antibacterial agent and prevents bacterial DNA replication by inhibiting DNA gyrase (topoisomerse)Target: DNA gyrasePefloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic agent used to treat severe and life-threatening bacterial infections. Pefloxacin is commonly referred to as afluoroquinolone (or quinolone) drug and is a member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterials. It is an analog of norfloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone, belonging to the 3rd generation of quinolones. Pefloxacin is extensively prescribed in France. Pefloxacin has not been approved for use in the United States.The bactericidal action of pefloxacin results from interference with the activity of the bacterial enzymes DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which are needed for the transcription and replication of bacterial DNA. DNA gyrase appears to be the primary quinolone target for gram-negative bacteria. Topoisomerase IV appears to be the preferential target in gram-positive organisms. Interference with these two topoisomerases results in strand breakage of the bacterial chromosome, supercoiling, and resealing. As a result DNA replication and transcription is inhibited.
4,6-Dioxoheptanoic acid is a potent inhibitor of heme biosynthesis.
Digitoxin is an effective Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor, the EC50 value of Digitoxin is 0.78 μM.IC50 value: 0.78 μM (EC50)Target: Na+/K+-ATPasein vitro: Digitoxin shows a significantly cytotoxic effect in H1975 cells by causing G2 phase arrest, also remarkably activates 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Moreover, Digitoxin suppresses microtubule formation through decreasing α-tubulin. Digitoxin effectively depresses the growth of TKI-resistance NSCLC H1975 cells by inhibiting microtubule polymerization and inducing cell cycle arrest. Digitoxin has the highest cytotoxicity in H1975 cells, whose CC50 value was 0.19 ± 0.06 μM. Digitoxin-induced inhibition mechanism is likely due to causing G2/M cell cycle arrest in H1975 cells in dose dependent manners.
1-naphthol is an excited state proton transfer (ESPT) fluorescent molecular probe.
Sagittatoside B is a natural compound isolated from traditional Chinese herb Yinyanghuo (Herba Epimdii).
Scutellarin, an active flavone isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis, can down-regulates the STAT3/Girdin/Akt signaling in HCC cells, and inhibits RANKL-mediated MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway in osteoclasts.