CAM741 is a selective VCAM-1 translocation inhibitor. CAM741 selectively inhibits VCAM-1 expression by inhibiting its co-translational translocation within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). CAM741 can be used as a molecular tool and can also be used in the research of chronic inflammation and cancer[1][2].
Oridonin, a diterpenoid isolated from Rabdosia rubescens, acts as an inhibitor of AKT, with IC50s of 8.4 and 8.9 μM for AKT1 and AKT2; Oridonin possesses anti-tumor, anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects.
Brazilin is a red dye precursor obtained from the heartwood of several species of tropical hardwoods. Brazilin inhibits the cells proliferation, promotes apoptosis, and induces autophagy through the AMPK/mTOR pathway. Brazilin shows chondroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities[1][2][3].
Tetrahydrocoptisine is an alkaloid compound originally isolated from Corydalis tubers that exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-parasitic activities.IC50 value:Target:in vitro: THC significantly inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α, interleukin-6(IL-6) and nitric oxide (NO) production. THC inhibited the production of TNF-α and IL-6 by down-regulating LPS-induced IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA expression [1].in vivo: Pretreatment with THC (i.p.) inhibited the paw and ear edema in the carrageenan-induced paw edema assay and xylene-induced ear edema assay, respectively. In the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation model, THC significantly inhibited serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) release in mice [1]. Pretreatment of THC at doses of 10 and 20mg/kg bodyweight significantly attenuated the gastric lesions as compared to the ethanol group [2].
E-6123 is a platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist.
HPGDS inhibitor 1 is a novel and selective Hematopoietic Prostaglandin D Synthase (HPGDS) inhibitor with an IC50 Value of 0.7 nM.IC50 Value: 0.7 nM [1]Target: HPGDSHPGDS inhibitor 1 was elected for further profiling based on its enzyme and cell potency. The compound illustrated equal potency against purified HPGDS from human , rat, dog, and sheep (IC50, 0.5-2.3 nM). HPGDS inhibitor 1 was profiled in a panel of cellular assays to screen for activity against several relevant human enzyme targets. Those assay indicated that HPGDS inhibitor 1 does not inhibit human L- PGDS, m-PGDS, COX-1, COX-2 or 5 LOX (IC50 values > 10000 nM).HPGDS inhibitor 1 had a solubility of 1.5 ug/ml (3.9 uM) at pH 6.5. The compound had excellent PK characteristics when dosed in rats at 1 mpk with 76% bioavailavility. Rats dosed orally with 1 and 10 mpk HPGDS inhibitor 1 were sacrificed at various times, and plasma concentrations of HPGDS inhibitor 1 and spleen PGD2 concentrations were measured. Oral administration of HPGDS inhibitor 1 blocked PGD2 production in the rat spleen; inhibition of PGD2 was inversely correlated with the plasma concentration of HPGDS inhibitor 1 in a time and dose-dependent manner. Spleen PGD2 levels fall as HPGDS inhibitor 1 plasma levels increase over time; PGD2 levels return to baseline levels as HPGDS inhibitor 1 plasma levels decline.
Gliadin p31-43 is an undigested gliadin peptide. Gliadin p31-43 induces an innate immune response in the intestine and interferes with endocytic trafficking. Gliadin p31-43 can be used for celiac disease research[1][2].
SGK1-IN-2 (14h) is a selective SGK1 (serum and glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 5 nM at 10 μM ATP concentration[1].
ABH (hydrochloride) is a potent arginase inhibitor. ABH (hydrochloride) can be used for researching anti-inflammation[1].
Primulic acid II is a saponin isolated from root extract of Primula sp[1].
Fenbufen-d9 (CL-82204-d9) is the deuterium labeled Fenbufen. Fenbufen (CL-82204) is an orally active non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), with analgetic and antipyretic effects. Fenbufen has potent activity in a variety of animal model, including carageenin edema, UV erythema and adjuvant arthritis. Fenbufen has inhibitory activities against COX-1 and COX-2 with IC50s of 3.9 μM and 8.1 μM, respectively. Fenbufen is a caspases (caspase-1, 3, 4, 5, 9) inhibitor[1][2][3][4][5].
Boc-D-Trp(For)-OH, containing the amino acid tryptophan, is synthesized by the ammonolysis of Boc-protected D-alanine, followed by cyclization to form a dipeptide with ninhydrin. Boc-D-Trp(For)-OH has pharmacological properties, including inhibition of growth hormone release, induction of sleep and antiinflammatory[1][2].
GP1a is a potent agonist of cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2). Gp1a is beneficial to skin wound healing. GP1a inhibits inflammation and fibrogenesis while promoting re-epithelialization[1].
Syk-IN-1 (compound 4) is a potent Syk inhibitor, with an IC50 of 35 nM[1].
Diflunisal (MK-647) is a salicylate derivative with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and uricosuric properties, which is used alone as an analgesic and in rheumatoid arthritis patients. The mechanism of action of diflunisal is as a Cyclooxygenase (COX) Inhibitor.
Eckol is a potent hMAO-A (Mixed) and hMAO-B (non-competitive) inhibitor with IC50s of 7.20 and 83.44 μM, respectively. Eckol shows stimulatory effects in maize and can be used as a plant biostimulant. Eckol also shows antiallergic and antiviral effects[1][2][3][4].
BTK-IN-14 is a potent inhibitor of BTK. BTK plays an important role in signaling mediated by B cell antigen receptor (BCR) and Fcγreceptor (FcγR) in B cells and myeloid cells, respectively. BTK-IN-14 has the potential for the research of related diseases, especially autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases or cancer (extracted from patent WO2022057894A1, compound 1)[1].
Xanthone is isolated from Mangosteen and is known to control cell division and growth, apoptosis, inflammation, and metastasis in different stages of carcinogenesis. Xanthone has anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-viral activities[1].
(E/Z)-HA155 is a potent autotaxin (ATX) type I inhibitor. (E/Z)-HA155 can be used for researching cancer, fibrotic diseases, inflammation, pain and angiogenesis[1].
VT-1598 is a potent, high-affinity, oral inhibitor of fungal sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51B) with Kd of 13 nM; is more selective for fungal CYP51 than related human CYP enzymes such as CYP3A4; exhibits excellent potency against yeast, dermatophyte, and mold fungal pathogens.
Mepolizumab (SB 240563) is a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to and neutralizes interleukin-5 (IL-5), the major cytokine involved in eosinophil proliferation, activation, and survival. Mepolizumab can be used for the research of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) and severe eosinophilic asthma[1][2].
Interphotoreceptor Retinoid Binding Protein Fragment (IRBP), a 20-residue peptide and a major pathogenic epitope, is present in the first homologous repeat of the interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein peptide (IRBP 161–180), which can induce posterior uveitis (EAU)[1].
Zileuton is a potent and selective inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase with antiasthmatic properties.
GSK-3β inhibitor 8, a thiophenacil derivative, is an effective and selective inhibitor of GSK-3β (IC50=64 nM). GSK-3β inhibitor 8 negatively regulated Wnt signaling pathway and stimulated β cell proliferation[1][2].
NF-κB-IN-13 (compound 12) can significantly inhibit LPS-induced NF-κB activation and NO production in RAW264.7 macrophages. NF-κB-IN-13 has anti-inflammatory effects[1].
IRAK-1-4 Inhibitor I is an inhibitor of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1/4 (IRAK 1/4) with IC50s of 0.2 μM and 0.3 μM, respectively.
Pimecrolimus is an immunophilin ligand, which binds specifically to the cytosolic receptor, immunophilin macrophilin-12.Target: OthersPimecrolimus blocks T-lymphocyte activation pathway by inhibiting calcineurin function [1]. Pimecrolimus prevents the release of cytokines and pro-inflammatory mediators from mast cells. Pimecrolimus binds to macrophilin-12, the pimecrolimusmacrophilin complex then binds to the cytosolic enzyme calcineurin phosphatase. The pimecrolimus-macrophilin complex prevents the dephosphorylation of the cytoplasmic component of the nuclear factor of activated T cells by inhibiting the action of calcineurin. Pimecrolimus inhibits not only the transcription and synthesis of cytokines from mast cells, but also the release of preformed mediators serotonin and β-hexosaminidase by the inhibition of Fcε-RI-mediated degranulation and secretion. Pimecrolimus treatment causes a strong down-regulation of the expression of mRNA for genes associated with the macrolactam target pathway and inflammation [2].Pimecrolimus is found to be as effective as cyclosporine A following oral ingestion and slightly superior after subcutaneous administration in mice. Pimecrolimus contrasts cyclosporine A and tacrolimus by inhibiting ongoing secondary inflammatory response, but not impairing the primary immune response in allergic contact dermatitis in mice. [2] Pimecrolimus is as effective as the high-potency corticosteroid clobetasol-17-propionate in a pig model of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Pimecrolimus also effectively reduces skin inflammation and pruritus in hypomagnesemic hairless rats, a model that mimics acute signs of atopic dermatitis [3].
Yadanziolide B, a natural indole alkaloid, is a potential H5N1 neuraminidase inhibitor[1][2].
Dithranol is highly effective in the treatment of psoriasis.Target: OthersDithranol accumulates in mitochondria where it interferes with the supply of energy to the cell, probably by the oxidation of dithranol releasing free radicals. This impedes DNA replication and so slows the excessive cell division that occurs in psoriatic plaques. In addition Dithranol may act by reducing the elevated levels of cGMP that occurs in psoriasis.
Cendakimab (RPC4046; ABT 308; CC-93538) is a selective, humanized, recombinant monoclonal antibody against the IL-13 molecule. Cendakimab has a high affinity and potency for both human wild-type and variant IL-13 and blocks binding of IL-13 to both IL-13Rα1 and IL-13Rα2 with IC50s of 352 pM and 631 pM by ELISA, respectively. Cendakimab recognizes both wild-type human IL-13 and the common polymorphic variant R110Q, with binding affinities of 52 and 50 pM, respectively. Cendakimab has the potential for IL-13-related allergic/inflammatory diseases (e.g., asthma and eosinophilic esophagitis)[1].