Cletoquine oxalate (Desethylhydroxychloroquine oxalate) is a major active metabolite of Hydroxychloroquine. Cletoquine oxalate is produced in the liver by CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP2C8 isoenzymes. Cletoquine oxalate is also a Chloroquine derivative and has the ability to against the chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Cletoquine oxalate has antimalarial effects and has the potential for autoimmune diseases treatment[1][2].
Aureobasidin A (Basifungin), a cyclic depsipetide, is an antifungal antibiotic. Aureobasidin A (Basifungin) A is an inhibitor of the inositolphosphorylceramide synthase AUR1[1][2].
3-Fucosyllactose (3-Fucosyl-D-lactose) is one of the major fucosylated oligosaccharides found in human breast milk. 3-Fucosyllactose shows prebiotic, immunomodulator, neonatal brain development, and antimicrobial function[1].
Clemizole is an H1 histamine receptor antagonist, is found to substantially inhibit HCV replication. The IC50 of Clemizole for RNA binding by NS4B is 24±1 nM, whereas its EC50 for viral replication is 8 µM.
Clovamide (trans-Clovamide), a natural phenolic compound, is a potent antioxidant. Clovamide is an excellent ROS and oxygen radical scavenger. Clovamide also has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects[1][2]. Clovamide is an anti-microbial with activity against the human pathogens influenza A subtype H5N1, Trypanosoma evansi, and Heliobacter pylori[3].
D-Ribose-d-3 is the deuterium labeled D-Ribose. D-Ribose is an energy enhancer, and acts as a sugar moiety of ATP, and widely used as a metabolic therapy supplement for chronic fatigue syndrome or cardiac energy metabolism. D-Ribose is active in protein g
BIRT 377 is a potent amd orally bioavailable inhibitor of the interaction between intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), with a Ki of 25.8 nM. BIRT 377 also inhibits the production of IL-2 in vivo. BIRT 377 can be used for researching inflammatory and immune disorders[1].
STING agonist-20 (compound 95) is a potent STING agonist used in the synthesis of XMT-2056. STING agonist-20 can be used as a vaccine adjuvant in the study of cancer and other inflammatory, immune diseases[1].
Sodium thiocyanate reduces plasma levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, and increases the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels. Sodium thiocyanate also significantly reduces of ROS formation[1].
Maresin 1, produced by human Mφs from endogenous docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and a specialized proresolving mediator, stimulates intracellular [Ca2+] and secretion. Maresin 1 possesses anti-inflammatory activity[1][2][3].
Imiquimod hydrochloride is an immune response modifier that acts as a toll-like receptor 7agonist.
Sp-8-CPT-cAMPS, a cAMP analog, is a potent and selective activator of the cAMP-dependent protein kinas A (PKA I and PKA II). Sp-8-CPT-cAMPS selects site A of RI compares to site A of RII by 153-fold and site B of RII compares to site B of RI by 59-fold[1][2].
22-Dehydroclerosterol is a compound that can be found in Morinda citrifolia L.[1].
5Z-7-Oxozeaenol is a natural anti-protozoan compound from fungal origin, acting as a potent irreversible and selective inhibitor of TAK1 and VEGF-R2, with IC50s of 8 nM and 52 nM, respectively.
Prednisolone tebutate is a synthetic glucocorticoid used as an antiinflammatory and immunosuppressant.
Dehydroabietinol is an abietane diterpenoid. Dehydroabietinol has kinase inhibition activity for spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) with an IC50 value of 46.4 μM. Dehydroabietinol can be used for the research of immune-mediated disease[1].
MAX-40279 hemiadipate is a dual and potent inhibitor of FLT3 kinase and FGFR kinase. MAX-40279 hemiadipate has the potential for the research of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) (extracted from patent WO2021180032)[1].
Decursinol angelate, a cytotoxic and protein kinase C (PKC) activating agent from the root of Angelica gigas, possesses anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activities[1][2].
Ro-24-0238 is an antagonist of platelet activating factor (PAF) and inhibitor of thromboxane synthesis, used for lessening the inflammation and damage resulting from a local release of PAF.
JAK kinase-IN-1 (Example 1) is a JAK inhibitor. JAK kinase-IN-1 inhibits TYK2, JAK1, JAK2 and JAK3 with IC50 values of 4.2 nM, 32 nM, 27 nM, 3473 nM respectively[1].
Cyclo(L-Phe-L-Pro), isolated from Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas alcaligenes cell-free culture supernatants is an antifungal cyclic dipeptide[1]. Cyclo(L-Phe-L-Pro) inhibits IFN-β production by interfering with retinoic-acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) activation[2]. Cyclo(L-Phe-L-Pro) exhibits free-radical scavenging activity with the IC50 of 24 µM in the DPPH assay[3].
Protein Kinase C Peptide Substrate is targeted to a specific cellular compartment in a manner dependent on second messengers and on specific adapter proteins in response to extracellular signals that activate G-protein-coupled receptors, tyrosine kinase receptors, or tyrosine kinase-coupled receptors. Protein Kinase C Peptide Substrate then regulates various physiological functions including the activation of nervous, endocrine, exocrine, inflammatory, and immune systems[1].
iNOs-IN-3 (Compound 2d) is an orally active nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor (IC50=3.342 µM). iNOs-IN-3 shows anti-inflammatory activity and can be used in LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) research[1].
Cloperastine hydrochloride inhibits the hERG K+ currents in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 27 nM[1].
CM398 is a highly selective, orally active sigma-2 receptor ligand (Ki=0.43 nM), with high sigma-1/sigma-2 selectivity rato (1000-fold). CM398 shows notable affinity for dopamine (Ki=32.90 nM) and serotonin transporters (Ki=244.2 nM). CM398 shows promising anti-inflammatory analgesic effects in the formalin model of inflammatory pain in mice[1].
JAK3/BTK-IN-3 is a potent inhibitor of JAK3/BTK. BTK and JAK3 are two important targets for autoimmune diseases. Simultaneous inhibition of the BTK/JAK3 signalling pathway exhibits synergistic effects. JAK3/BTK-IN-3 has the potential for the research of JAK3 kinase and/or BTK-related diseases (extracted from patent WO2021147952A1, compound 009)[1]
N-((Allyloxy)carbonyl)-N-methyl-L-alanine is a Alanine derivative. N-((Allyloxy)carbonyl)-N-methyl-L-alanine can be used for the synthesis of inhibitors of complement factor D. Complement factor D inhibitors can be used in the research of immune system related disease[1].
Methyl syringate, a chemical marker of asphodel monofloral honey, is an efficient phenolic mediator for bacterial and fungal laccases. Methyl syringate is a TRPA1 agonist[1][2][3].
Aureusidin is an aurone with high antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitory activity. Aureusidin also shows anti-inflammatory effects[1].
CCR2 antagonist 5 is a selective, orally active hCCR2 inhibitor with good binding affinity (IC50=37 nM) and potent functional antagonism (chemotaxis IC50=30 nM). CCR2 antagonist 5 displays a Ki of 9.6 µM for mCCR2 binding. CCR2 antagonist 5 can be used in the research of inflammatory disease[1].