Beauvericin is a Fusarium mycotoxin. Beauvericin inhibits acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity with an IC50 of 3 μM in an enzyme assay using rat liver microsomes[1].
Lacidipine (Lacipil, Motens) is a L-type calcium channel blocker. Target: Calcium ChannelLacidipine, a novel third-generation dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, has been demonstrated effective for hypertension. lacidipine protects HKCs against apoptosis induced by ATP depletion and recovery by regulating the caspase-3 pathway [1]. In biological membranes deriving from rat brain tissue, lacidipine showed an activity comparable to reference antioxidant compounds like vitamin E [2]. lacidipine has some important protective effects on liver of hypertensive irradiated albino rats [3].
LUF6096, a potent allosteric enhancer of the adenosine A3 receptor, is able to allosterically enhance agonist binding. LUF6096 shows low orthosteric affinity for any of the adenosine receptors. LUF6096 shows protective effects in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury[1][2].
Mas7, a structural analogue of mastoparan, is an activator of heterotrimeric Gi proteins and its downstream effectors.
Antiplatelet agent 1 (compound 7q) is a Ticagrelor analoguehas, possessing antiplatelet activity. Antiplatelet agent 1 can be used for researching platelet aggregation[1].
AZD5462 is a RXFP1 modulator, can be used for heart failure research. RXFP1 is the cognate receptor for human relaxin, belongs to GPCR family 1c number with anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory properties[1].
ACT-132577 is the major and pharmacologically active metabolite of macitentan, which is dual ETA/ETB antagonist designed for tissue targeting.
GBT 440 (Voxelotor) is an orally bioavailable modulator of sickle cell hemoglobin.
Pactimibe sulfate (CS-505) is a dual ACAT1/2 inhibitor with IC50s of 4.9 μM and 3.0 μM, respectively. Pactimibe sulfate (CS-505) inhibits ACAT with IC50s of 2.0 μM, 2.7 μM, 4.7 μM in the liver, macrophages and THP-1 cells, respectively[1]. Pactimibe sulfate (CS-505) noncompetitively inhibits oleoyl-CoA with a Ki value of 5.6 μM. Moreover, Pactimibe sulfate (CS-505) obviously inhibits cholesteryl ester formation with an IC50 of 6.7 μM. Pactimibe sulfate (CS-505) possesses anti-atherosclerotic potential with lowering plasma cholesterol activity[2].
Khellin, a naturally occurring furochromone, is an EGFR inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.15 µM. Khelline has anti-proliferative activity in vitro. Khellin has antispasmodic and coronary vasodilator effects[1][2].
Sutimlimab, a first-in-class complement protein component 1, s subcomponent (C1s) inhibitor, can be used for the research of cold agglutinin disease. C1s is a serine protease which cleaves C4 and C2 to form the C3 convertase[1].
Amlodipine maleate is a long-acting calcium channel blocker.Target: Calcium ChannelAmlodipine is a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist (calcium ion antagonist or slow-channel blocker) that inhibits the movement of calcium ions into vascular smooth muscle cells and cardiac muscle cells. Experimental data suggest amlodipine binds to both dihydropyridine and nondihydropyridine binding sites. The contractile processes of cardiac muscle and vascular smooth muscle are dependent upon the movement of extracellular calcium ions into these cells through specific ion channels. Amlodipine inhibits calcium ion influx across cell membranes selectively, with a greater effect on vascular smooth muscle cells than on cardiac muscle cells. Negative inotropic effects, or decreased heart muscle contractility, can be detected in vitro, but such effects have not been seen in intact animals at therapeutic doses. Serum calcium concentration is not affected by amlodipine. Within the physiologic pH range, amlodipine is an ionized compound (pKa = 8.6), and its interaction with the calcium channel receptor is characterized by a gradual rate of association and dissociation with the receptor binding site, resulting in a gradual onset of effect. Amlodipine is a peripheral arterial vasodilator that acts directly on vascular smooth muscle to cause a reduction in peripheral vascular resistance and reduction in blood pressure. From Wikipedia.
Butalamine (hydrochloride) is a peripheral vasodilator with local anesthetic effects. :Butalamine (hydrochloride) can produce in animals coronary vasodilation, local anaesthesia, analgesia and a papaverine like action in duodenal preparations. Butalamine (hydrochloride) causes a slowing in rate of spontaneous activity, a decrease in amplitude and a reduction in isolated human smooth muscle[1].
Tetradecyl sulfate sodium, a detergent sclerosant, is widely used agent for esophageal varices and varicose veins[1].
Cenderitide is a potent agonist of particulate guanylyl cyclase receptor (pGC). Cenderitide is a natriuretic peptide (NP) composed of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) fused to the C-terminus of Dendroaspis natriuretic peptide (DNP). Cenderitide activates both pGC-A and pGC-B, activates the second messenger cGMP, suppresses aldosterone, and preserves GFR without reducing blood pressure. Cenderitide can be used for heart failure research[1][2][3].
Clopidogrel is a well-known and orally active platelet inhibitor that targets P2Y12 receptor. Clopidogrel is used to inhibit blood clots in coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease.
Trandolaprilate is a potent angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Trandolaprilate partially inhibits angiotensin-I-mediated c-fos induction. Trandolaprilate is main bioactive metabolite of Trandolapril. Trandolaprilate shows high lipophilicity[1][2].
DU-717 is an antihypertensive agent.
Benazepril hydrochloride, an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, which is a medication used to treat high blood pressure.Target: angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)Benazepril hydrochloride is a medication used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension), congestive heart failure, and chronic renal failure. Upon cleavage of its ester group by the liver, benazepril hydrochloride is converted into its active form benazeprilat, a non-sulfhydryl angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor [1].Animals were randomly divided into 4 groups: sham STNx group (control), STNx group, morning benazepril hydrochloride group (MB) and evening benazepril hydrochloride group (EB).Benazepril hydrochloride was intragastrically administered at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day at 07:00 and 19:00 in the MB group and EB group respectively for 12 weeks. All the animals were synchronized to the light:dark cycle of 12:12 for 12 weeks. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), 24-h urinary protein excretion and renal function were measured at 11 weeks. Blood samples and kidneys were collected every 4 h throughout a day to detect the expression pattern of renin activity (RA), angiotensin II (AngII) and aldosterone (Ald) by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and the mRNA expression profile of clock genes (bmal1, dbp and per2) by real-time PCR at 12 weeks. Our results showed that no significant differences were noted in the SBP, 24-h urine protein excretion and renal function between the MB and EB groups. There were no significant differences in average Ald and RA content of a day between the MB group and EB group. The expression peak of bmal1 mRNA was phase-delayed by 4 to 8 h, and the diurnal variation of per2 and dbp mRNA diminished in the MB and EB groups compared with the control and STNx groups. It was concluded when the similar SBP reduction, RAAS inhibition and clock gene profile were achieved with optimal dose of benazepril hydrochloride, morning versus evening dosing of benazepril hydrochloride has the same renoprotection effects [2].Clinical indications: Congestive heart failure; End stage renal disease; HypertensionFDA Approved Date: Toxicity: headaches; cough; Anaphylaxis; angioedema; hyperkalemia
Lappaconitine hydrobromide, a diterpene alkaloid, is a drug for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.IC50 value:Target: A natural product for anti-cardiac arrhythmiasIn vitro: Lappaconitine hydrobromide was found to exert an inhibitory effect on inward tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium currents without changing their voltage dependence [1]. In vivo: The effect of Lappaconitine hydrobromide on aconitine--induced arrhythmias is due to modulation of genes encoding Na(+)-, K(+)-, Ca(2+)-channels, conducting ionic currents (I(Na), I(to), I(Ks), I(K1), I(CaT)), which are involved in the formation of different phases of the action potential [2]. Lappaconitine hydrobromide was found to be beneficial both in ventricular and supraventricular premature beats. Oral allapinine usually showed its effect 40-60 minutes following its administration, its maximum action being 4-5 hours later, its duration was some 8 hours. The optimal dose of the drug amounted to 75 mg/day [3].
Mirococept (APT070) is an antibody targeting to complement system C3b/C4b, as well as a membrane-localizing C3 convertase inhibitor. Mirococept reduces the release of C-peptide and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and reduces the infiltration of inflammatory cells. Mirococept reduces intraislet inflammation, which is beneficial to islet transplantation. Mirococept also inhibits increased intestinal and pulmonary vascular permeability to reduce neutrophil influx[1][2].
Thrombin receptor peptide ligand is a thrombin receptor antagonist peptide that can be used as an antithrombotic agent[1].
Sodium Nitroprusside is a potent vasodilator working through releasing NO spontaneously in blood.Target: OthersSodium Nitroprusside is a potent vasodilator. Sodium nitroprusside has potent vasodilating effects in arterioles and venules. Sodium Nitroprusside breaks down in circulation to release nitric oxide (NO). NO activates guanylate cyclase in vascular smooth muscle and increases intracellular production of cGMP. The end result is vascular smooth muscle relaxation, which allow vessels to dilate [1]. Sodium nitroprusside decreases the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells [2]. Sodium nitroprusside (5 mg/kg) significantly reduces the intestinal ischemiareperfusion injury as a nitric oxide donor in rats [3].
Quinidine polygalacturonate is an antiarrhythmic agent. Quinidine polygalacturonate is a potent, orally active, selective cytochrome P450db inhibitor. Quinidine polygalacturonate is also a K+ channel blocker with an IC50 of 19.9 μM, and can induce apoptosis. Quinidine polygalacturonate can be used for malaria research[1][2][3][4].
FW1256 is a phenyl analogue and a slow-releasing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) donor. FW1256 induces cell apoptosis. FW1256 has the potential for cancer, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease treatment[1][2].
Terlakiren (CP-80,794) is an orally active inhibitor of renin. Terlakiren inhibits the efficacy of human renin with an IC50 value of 0.7 nM. Terlakiren has potential applications in hypertension[1].
BMS-687453 is a potent and selective PPARα agonist, with an EC50 and IC50 of 10 nM and 260 nM for human PPARα and 4100 nM and >15000 nM for PPARγ in PPAR-GAL4 transactivation assays.
Ginsenoside Ra1 is a component from ginseng, inhibits protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) activation induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation[1].
Tanshinone IIA sulfonate (sodium) is a water-soluble derivative of tanshinone IIA, which acts as an inhibitor of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), and is used to treat cardiovascular disorders.
Sacubitril (AHU-377) is a potent NEP inhibitor with an IC50 of 5 nM. Sacubitril (AHU-377) is a component of the heart failure medicine LCZ696.