Pardoprunox(SLV-308) is a novel partial dopamine D2 and D3 receptor agonist and serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist; D2 (pKi = 8.1) and D3 receptor (pKi = 8.6) partial agonist (IA = 50% and 67%, respectively) and 5-HT1A receptor (pKi = 8.5) full agonist (IA = 100%); also binds to D4 (pKi = 7.8), α1-adrenergic (pKi = 7.8), α2-adrenergic (pKi = 7.4), and 5-HT7 receptors (pKi = 7.2) with lower affinity.IC50 value:Target:in vitro: SLV308 acted as a potent but partial D(2) receptor agonist (pEC(50) = 8.0 and pA(2) = 8.4) with an efficacy of 50% on forskolin stimulated cAMP accumulation. At human recombinant dopamine D(3) receptors, SLV308 acted as a partial agonist in the induction of [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding (intrinsic activity of 67%; pEC(50) = 9.2) and antagonized the dopamine induction of [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding (pA(2) = 9.0). SLV308 acted as a full 5-HT(1) (A) receptor agonist on forskolin induced cAMP accumulation at cloned human 5-HT(1) (A) receptors but with low potency (pEC(50) = 6.3) [1].in vivo: Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS)-Motor score was improved in pardoprunox-treated patients (overall mean dose 23.8 mg/d; -7.3 points), as compared with placebo (-3.0 points; P = 0.0001), from baseline to end point. At end point, there were more responders (> or = 30% reduction in UPDRS-Motor score) in the pardoprunox group (50.7%) than in the placebo group (15.7%; P < 0.0001) [2]. Surprisingly in the SNc, pardoprunox (10 μg kg?1, i.v.) either partially or fully suppressed the firing activity in two separate populations of DA neurons. Finally, in the DRN, pardoprunox (5-40 μg kg-1, i.v.) completely suppressed the firing activity of 5-HT neurons. Moreover, the selective 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist WAY-100,635 prevented and reversed the effects of pardoprunox [3].
Ritanserin (R 55667) is a highly potent, relatively selective, orally active, long acting antagonist of 5-HT2 receptor, with an IC50 of 0.9 nM, less active on Histamine H1, Dopamine D2, Adrenergic α1, Adrenergic α2 receptors[1].
Alniditan (Alnitidan) dihydrochloride is a potent 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors agonist, with IC50s of 1.7 nM and 1.3 nM for h5-HT1B and h5-HT1D receptors in HEK 293 cells, respectively. Alniditan dihydrochloride has migraine-preventive effects[1][2].
Osemozotan hydrochloride (MKC242) is a selective 5-HT1A receptor agonist. Osemozotan hydrochloride decreases the number of c-Fos-positive cells caused by MAMP in mice. Osemozotan hydrochloride can be used for the research of depressive disorder[1][2].
5-HT3-In-1 is extracted from patent EP0748807A1, compound example 8. It shows 5-HT3 inhibition activity.
LY2624803 is a novel potent histamine H1 and 5HT-2A receptor modulator in the pipeline for treating insomnia. Sleep Disorder Phase 2 Discontinued
Nefazodone is an orally active phenylpiperazine antidepressant. Nefazodone can potently and selectively block postsynaptic 5-HT2A receptors, and moderately inhibit 5-HT and noradrenaline reuptake. Nefazodone can also relieve the adverse effects of stress on the the immune system of mice. Nefazodone has a high affinity for CYP3A4 isoenzyme, which indicates that it has certain risk of drug-drug interaction[1][2][3].
B-HT 920(Talipexole 2Hcl) is a dopamine D2 receptor agonist, α2-adrenoceptor agonist and 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, which displays antiParkinsonian activity.IC50 Value: 25 nM(Adrenergic receptor α-2, rat)Target: Adrenergic Receptor; 5-HT Receptor; Dopamine Receptorin vitro: N/Ain vivo: Intravenous injection of 30 micrograms/kg of B-HT 920 into cats lead initially to an increase in blood pressure and then to a long-lasting decrease in blood pressure and heart rate. Vagally mediated reflex bradycardia elicited by angiotensin injection in beta-adrenoceptor-blocked dogs was facilitated by intracisternal injection of 10 micrograms/kg B-HT 920.
(-)-OSU6162 (PNU96391) hydrochloride is a dopamine stabilizer. (-)-OSU6162 hydrochloride acts as partial agonist at 5-HT2A and is a dopamine D2 antagonist. (-)-OSU6162 hydrochloride can be used for the research of aggression and irritability[1][2].
BIMU 8 is a potent and selective 5-HT4 agonist with EC50s of 18 nM, 77 nM, and 540 nM for wild type 5HT4 receptor, T3.36A, and W6.48A mutant 5-HT4 receptors[1][2].
Fabesetron (FK1052) is an orally active 5-HT3 receptor antagonist with 5-HT4 receptor antagonistic activity. Fabesetron (FK1052) can be used in the study for both acute and delayed emesis induced by cancer chemotherapy[1][2].
PNU-96415E is a selective D4/5-HT2A antagonist. PNU-96415E may have potential antipsychotic efficacy[1].
Lumateperone (ITI-007) is a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist (Ki = 0.54 nM), a partial agonist of presynaptic D2 receptors and an antagonist of postsynaptic D2 receptors (Ki = 32 nM), and a dopamine D1 receptor modulator. Lumateperone has anticancer activity and can also be used in studies of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia[1][2][3].
5-HT6/7 antagonist 1 is a multifunctional ligand that antagonizes 5-HT6/7/2A and D2 receptors, without interacting with M1 receptors and hERG channels.
(S)-Mirtazapine ((S)-Org3770) is a S(+)-enantiomer of Mirtazapine with pronociceptive properties in an animal model of acute thermal nociception. (S)-Mirtazapine is a stereoselective 5-HT2 receptor antagonist. (S)-Mirtazapine is metabolized by CYP2D6 and CYP1A2[1].
Brexpiprazole D8 (OPC-34712 D8) is a deuterium labeled Brexpiprazole (OPC-34712). Brexpiprazole, an atypical antipsychotic drug, is a partial agonist of human 5-HT1A and dopamine receptor (Ki=0.12 nM and 0.3 nM, respectively). Brexpiprazole is also a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist (Ki=0.47 nM)[1][2].
Indisetron dihydrochloride is a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist with anti-emetic activity.
Bifeprunox mesylate is a potent dopamine D2-like and 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist with pKis of 7.19 and 8.83 for cortex 5-HT1A and striatum D2, and a pEC50 of 6.37 for hippocampus 5-HT1A, respectively. Bifeprunox mesylate is an antipsychotic for the research of schizophrenia[1][2].
Eltoprazine(DU28853) is a serenic or antiaggressive agent which as an agonist at the 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors and as an antagonist at the 5-HT2C receptor.IC50 value:Target: 5-HT1A/1B agonist; 5-HT2C antagonistin vitro: The binding of [3H]eltoprazine to whole tissue sections was saturable and revealed an apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of 11 nM. Specific [3H]eltoprazine binding was completely displaced by 5-HT; conversely, unlabelled eltoprazine reduced [3H]5-HT binding to the levels of non-specific binding [1]. Eltoprazine evoked membrane changes that were similar to but much weaker than those induced by 5HT. Both the 5HT- and eltoprazine-evoked membrane hyperpolarizations were largely suppressed in the presence of spiperone [2].in vivo: eltoprazine is extremely effective in suppressing dyskinesia in experimental models, although this effect was accompanied by a partial worsening of the therapeutic effect of l-dopa. Interestingly, eltoprazine was found to (synergistically) potentiate the antidyskinetic effect of amantadine. The current data indicated that eltoprazine is highly effective in counteracting dyskinesia in preclinical models [3]. Rats were chronically treated with mianserin (10 mg/kg i.p.) or eltoprazine (1 mg/kg i.p.) and were tested in the elevated plus-maze test for anxiety. Mianserin and eltoprazine displayed opposite effects in the elevated plus-maze: mianserin induced anxiolytic-like effects, while eltoprazine showed anxiogenic-like ones [4].
Serotonin hydrochloride is a monoamine neurotransmitter in the CNS and an endogenous 5-HT receptor agonist. Serotonin hydrochloride is also a catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor with a Ki of 44 μM.
YM348 is a potent and orally active 5-HT2C receptor agonist, which shows a high affinity for cloned human 5-HT2C receptor (Ki: 0.89 nM).
Paliperidone palmitate (9-Hydroxyrisperidone palmitate), an atypical long-acting antipsychotic agent, is an ester prodrug of Paliperidone. Paliperidone is a dopamine antagonist and 5-HT2A antagonist of the atypical antipsychotic class. Paliperidone palmitate shows efficacy against schizophrenia[1].
LY310762 is a 5-HT1D receptor antagonist with Ki of 249 nM, having a weaker affinity for 5-HT1B receptor.IC50 value: 249 nM (Ki) [1]Target: 5-HT1D in vitro: LY310762 has a higher affinity for the guinea pig 5-HT1D receptor than for the 5-HT1B receptor. LY310762 potentiates the potassium-induced [3H]5-HT outflow from guinea pig cortical slices with an EC50 of 30 nM. The maximum potentiation of the potassium-induced outflow which is obtained with LY310762 is about 40% [1]. LY310762 blocks the decreased EPSC amplitude induced by Sumatriptan [2]. in vivo: Systemic administration of LY310762 (10 mg/kg i.p.) produces a further significant enhancement in the 5-HT response to fluoxetine (20 mg/kg i.p.) when compared to animals receiving a control vehicle injection. In fluoxetine treated animals, levels of 5-HT increases from 312±43% to a maximum of 683% after LY310762. In control animals, levels of 5-HT remains unchanged (250%). LY310762 administered alone also significantly increases basal levels of 5-HT above vehicle controls, reaching a maximum of 258% compared to the pre-injection control [1].
Metergoline is a psychoactive drug of the ergoline chemical class which acts as a ligand for various serotonin and dopamine receptors.
PF-04995274 is a potent, high-affinity, orally active and partial serotonin 4 receptor (5-HT4R) agonist. PF-04995274 has an EC50 range of 0.26-0.47 nM for human 5-HT4A/4B/4D/4E (Ki range of 0.15-0.46 nM), and has an EC50 range of 0.59-0.65 nM for rat 5-HT4S/4L/4E (Ki of 0.30 nM for rat 5-HT4S). PF-04995274 is brain penetrant and can be used to treat for cognitive disorders associated with Alzheimer＇s disease[1][2][3].
ST1936 oxalate is a selective, nanomolar affinity 5-HT6 receptor agonist with Ki values of 13 nM, 168 nM and 245 nM for human 5-HT6, 5-HT7 and 5-HT2B receptors, respectively. ST1936 oxalate also shows moderate affinity (Ki of 300 nM) for human α2 adrenergic receptor[1].
Facinicline hydrochloride (RG3487 hydrochloride) is an orally active nicotinic α7 receptor partial agonist, with a Ki of 6 nM for α7 human nAChR. Facinicline hydrochloride (RG3487 hydrochloride) improves cognition and sensorimotor gating in rodents. Facinicline hydrochloride (RG3487 hydrochloride) shows high affinity (antagonist) to 5-HT3Rs with a Ki value of 1.2 nM[1].
CP-809101 is a potent and selective 5-HT2C receptor agonist with pEC50 of 9.96/7.19/6.81 for human 5-HT2C/5-HT2B/5-HT2A receptors respectively. IC50 Value: 9.96(pEC50 for 5-HT2C); 7.19(pEC50 for 5-HT2B); 6.81(pEC50 for 5-HT2A)Target: 5-HT2C ReceptorCP-809101 is a potent, functionally selective 5-HT2C agonist that displays approximately 100% efficacy in vitro. The aim of the present studies was to assess the efficacy of a selective 5-HT2C agonist in animal models predictive of antipsychotic-like efficacy and side-effect liability. Similar to currently available antipsychotic drugs, CP-809101 dose-dependently inhibited conditioned avoidance responding (CAR, ED50 = 4.8 mg/kg, sc). CP-809101 antagonized both PCP- and d-amphetamine-induced hyperactivity with ED50 values of 2.4 and 2.9 mg/kg (sc), respectively and also reversed an apomorphine induced-deficit in prepulse inhibition. At doses up to 56 mg/kg, CP-809101 did not produce catalepsy. Thus, the present results demonstrate that the 5-HT2C agonist, CP-809101, has a pharmacological profile similar to that of the atypical antipsychotics with low extrapyramidal symptom liability. CP-809101 was inactive in two animal models of antidepressant-like activity, the forced swim test and learned helplessness.
Naftidrofuryl is a drug used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders as a vasodilator, enhance cellular oxidative capacity, and may also be a 5-HT2 receptor antagonist.Target: 5-HT2 receptorNaftidrofuryl may be effective for relieving the pain of muscle cramps.[1]Naftidrofuryl oxalate is the only vasoactive drug for peripheral arterial disease (PAD) which is likely to be cost-effective.[2]Naftidrofuryl oxalate is ranked first for both maximum walking distance (MWD) and pain-free walking distance (PFWD) (probability of 0·947 and 0·987, respectively, of being the best treatment) followed by cilostazol and pentoxifylline. Naftidrofuryl oxalate is effective treatments for claudication, Naftidrofuryl oxalate is likely to be the most effective, with minimal serious adverse events.[3]
Isocorynoxeine, an isorhynchophylline-related alkaloid, exhibits a dose-dependent inhibition of 5-HT2A receptor-mediated current response with an IC50 of 72.4 μM.