Protocatechuic acid is a phenolic compound which exhibits neuroprotective effect.
Jervine(11-Ketocyclopamine) is a naturally occuring steroidal alkaloid that causes cyclopia by blocking sonic hedgehog(Shh) signaling; Jervine is an inhibitor of Smo.IC50 value:Target: sonic hedgehog is derived from the Veratrum plant species. It is a close structural analog of cyclopamine which specifically inhibits the hedgehog (Hh) pathway by interaction with the hedgehog signaling protein Smo. Jervine can be used to induce abnormal morphogenesis in a number of experimental models. Jervine is an inhibitor of Smo.
Paullinic acid is a long-chain fatty acid that has been detected in multiple biofluids, such as blood and urine.
Morusin is a prenylated flavonoid isolated from M. australis with various biological activities, such as antitumor, antioxidant, and anti-bacteria property. Morusin could inhibit NF-κB and STAT3 activity.
3-Hydroxyvaleric acid is a 5-carbon ketone body. 3-Hydroxyvaleric acid is anaplerotic, meaning it can refill the pool of TCA cycle intermediates.
N-Acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine is a Melatonin precursor, and that it can potently activate TrkB receptor.
Ginsenoside Rb1, a main constituent of the root of Panax ginseng, inhibits Na+, K+-ATPase activity with an IC50 of 6.3±1.0 μM. Ginsenoside also inhibits IRAK-1 activation and phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 .
Indirubin(Couroupitine B) is a purple 3,2- bisindole and a stable isomer of indigo isolated from Indigo naturalis (Apiaceae); anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities.IC50 value:Target:in vitro: The activation of EGF receptor, known to be highly expressed in psoriatic lesions, was inhibited by indigo naturalis or indirubin. The cell proliferation and CDC25B expression of epidermal keratinocytes were induced by EGF alone and confirmed to be inhibited by indigo naturalis or indirubin [2]. indirubin inhibited prostate tumor growth through inhibiting tumor angiogenesis. indirubin inhibited angiogenesis in vivo. We also showed the inhibition activity of indirubin in endothelial cell migration, tube formation and cell survival in vitro [3].in vivo: Indirubin treatment suppressed skin inflammation in DNCB-exposed mice. The skin lesions were significantly thinner in the Indirubin-treated group than in untreated controls, and the hyperkeratosis disappeared. Indirubin reduced the total serum IgE level and cytokines production. In addition, it normalized NF-κB, IκB-α and MAP kinase expression [1]. Indirubin dose-dependently inhibited intersegmental vessel formation in zebrafish embryos. It also inhibited HUVEC proliferation by the induction of cellular apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase [4].
Valerylcarnitine is an endogenous metabolite, belonging to the short-chain acylcarnitines.
Droxidopa(L-DOPS, SM5688) is a synthetic amino acid precursor which acts as a prodrug to the neurotransmitters norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline); capable of crossing the protective blood–brain barrierIC50 value: Target: The acute administration of droxidopa in PVL and BDL rats caused a significant and maintained increase in arterial pressure and mesenteric arterial resistance, with a significant decrease of mesenteric arterial and portal blood flow, without changing portal pressure and renal blood flow [1]. L-threo-dihydroxyphenyslerine (Droxidopa) is a pro-drug which has a structure similar to noradrenaline, but with a carboxyl group. It has no pressor effects in this form. It can be administered orally, unlike noradrenaline, and after absorption is converted by the enzyme dopa decarboxylase into noradrenaline thus increasing levels of the neurotransmitter which is identical to endogenous noradrenaline [2].
Neoandrographolide is a diterpenoid from the Andrographis paniculata (Acanthaceae).
Theviridoside is a natural iridoid glucoside found in the leaves of Cerbera odollam, it has cytotoxicity.
Dihydrosanguinarine is a natural compound isolated from the leaves of Macleaya microcarpa; has antifungal and anticancer activity.IC50 value:Target:in vitro: Dihydrosanguinarine showed much less cytotoxicity than sanguinarine: at the highest concentration tested (20 microM) and 24h exposure, dihydrosanguinarine decreased viability only to 52% [1]. Dihydrosanguinarine showed the highest antifungal activity against B. cinerea Pers, with 95.16% mycelial growth inhibition at 50 μg/ml [2]. dihydrosanguinarine showed the most potent leishmanicidal activities (IC(50) value: 0.014 microg/ml, respectively) [4].in vivo: Repeated dosing of DHSG for 90 days at up to 500 ppm in the diet (i.e. approximately 58 mg/kg/day) showed no evidence of toxicity in contrast to results published in the literature [3].
Rutaecarpine, an alkaloid of Evodia rutaecarpa, is an inhibitor of COX-2 with an IC50 value of 0.28 μM.
Sanguinarine, a benzophenanthridine alkaloid derived from the root of Sanguinaria Canadensis, can stimulate apoptosis via activating the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Sanguinarine-induced apoptosis is associated with the activation of JNK and NF-κB.
7-xylosyltaxol(Taxol-7-xyloside) is a taxol (Paclitaxel) derivative; Paclitaxel binds to tubulin and inhibits the disassembly of microtubules.IC50 Value:Target: Microtubule/TubulinPaclitaxel is a compound extracted from the Pacific yew tree with antineoplastic activity. Paclitaxel also induces apoptosis by binding to and blocking the function of the apoptosis inhibitor protein Bcl-2 (B-cell Leukemia 2). Paclitaxel inhibits DNA synthesis and stimulates the release of tumor necrosis factor-α. Paclitaxel induces apoptosis in murine mammary carcinoma MCA-4 and ovarian carcinoma OCA-1 tumors.
Dencichin is a non-protein amino acid originally extracted from Panax notoginseng, and can inhibit HIF-prolyl hydroxylase-2 (PHD-2) activity.
Praeruptorin B is an inhibitor of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs).
D-Gluconic acid is the carboxylic acid by the oxidation with antiseptic and chelating properties.
20(R)-Protopanaxatriol is a natural aglycone of ginsenosides Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2 and Rh.
Isospaglumic acid is a neuropeptide found in millimolar concentrations in brain.
Stigmasterol is a plant sterol which has been focused on the cholesterol-lowering activity and is valued as an anti-stiffness factor in the therapy of rheumatic diseases.
Cinobufagin, a kind of Chinese materia medica with antitumor effect, is widely used in clinical practice, especially in anti-liver cancer.IC50 value:Target:In vitro: Cinobufagin inhibited proliferation of cancer cells at doses of 0.1, 1, or 10 μM after 2–4 days of culture. Cytotoxicity of cinobufagin on the DU145 and LNCaP cells was dose-dependent. Cinobufagin increased [Ca2+]i and apoptosis in cancer cells after a 24-hr culture as well as caspase 3 activities in DU145 and PC3 cells and caspase 9 activities in LNCaP cells [1]. Cinobufagin suppresses cell proliferation and causees apoptosis in prostate cancer cells via a sequence of apoptotic modulators, including Bax, cytochrome c and caspases [2].In vivo:
Nagilactone B, extracted from the root bark of Podocarpus nagi, is a liver X receptor (LXR) agonist.
Benzoylaconine(Isaconitine; Pikraconitin) is an alkaloid in the Chinese traditional medicine Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata (Fuzi).
β-Lapachone is a naturally occurring O-naphthoquinone, acts as a topoisomerase I inhibitor, and induces apoptosis by inhibiting cell cycle progression.
Anisodamine is an anticholinergic and α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist used in the treatment of acute circulatory shock, is also a naturally occurring tropane alkaloid found in some plants of the Solanaceae family.
Andrographolide is a NF-κB inhibitor, which inhibits NF-κB activation through covalent modification of a cysteine residue on p50 in endothelial cells without affecting IκBα degradation or p50/p65 nuclear translocation.