Pyruvic aldehyde is often used as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning.
Phorbol is a highly toxic diterpene, whose esters have important biological properties.
Arabinitol, D- is a polyol and its accumulation may cause a neurotoxic effect in human.
Cimifugin is a major components of Yu-ping-feng-san, a Chinese medical formula that is used clinically for allergic diseases and characterized by reducing allergy relapse.
Indaconitine is a natural product.
5-Amino-3H-imidazole-4-Carboxamide (AICA) is an important precursor for the synthesis of purines in general and of the nucleobases adenine and guanine in particular.
Alpha-Estradiol is a weak estrogen and a 5α-reductase inhibitor which is used as a topical medication in the treatment of androgenic alopecia.
Hederagenin is a triterpenoid saponin. It can inhibit LPS-stimulated expression of iNOS, COX-2, and NF-κBHederagenin can Exhibits multiple pharmacological activities in the treatment of hyperlipidemia, antilipid peroxidation, antiplatelet aggregation, liver protection, antidepression, anti-inflammation.[1]In vitro:1) Hederagenin can correct the imbalance of endothelial function by inhibiting the release of large amounts of iNOS and increasing eNOS contents and inhibits the IKKβ/NF-κB signaling pathway to reduce the release of IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and other inflammatory factors. [1]2) The EC50 of hederagenin is 39 ± 6 μM in A549 cancer cell line, but it's inactive for DLD-1 cells. [2]3) Hederagenin inhibited LPS-induced production of NO, PGE2and cytokines in cells.[3]4) Hederagenin had an anti-edema effect on the CA-induced mouse hind paw edema assay. [3]5) Hederagenin inhibited the CA-induced increase in skin thicknesses. [3]In vivo: The rats in the hederagenin group were administered hederagenin at 20 mg/kg/d via gavage.(More details please refer to the protocol below). In AS rat models induced by a high-lipid diet plus VD3, hederagenin can effectively reduce serum lipid, ALT, and AST levels, in addition to improving liver function, relieving high blood coagulation, and slowing blood flow and stasis by improving blood rheology. [1]
N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine originates from tyrosine through an AA acetylase, is associated with aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency and tyrosinemia I.
Hispidulin is a natural flavone with a broad spectrum of biological activities. Hispidulin is a Pim-1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 2.71 μM.
Ribitol is a crystalline pentose alcohol formed by the reduction of ribose. Enhancing the flux of D-glucose to the pentose phosphate pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of D-ribose and ribitol.
Pimelic acid is the organic compound and its derivatives are involved in the biosynthesis of the amino acid called lysine.
Oleamide is an endogenous fatty acid amide which can be synthesized de novo in the mammalian nervous system, and has been detected in human plasma.
Cyclo(His-Pro) is a cyclic dipeptide structurally related to tyreotropin-releasing hormone. Cyclo(His-Pro) could inhibit NF-κB nuclear accumulation.
Digitonin, a glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea, could increase cell permeability by binding to cholesterol molecules and reduce tumor growth.
Coelenterazine is widely distributed among marine organisms which can produce bioluminescence by calcium-dependent oxidation mediated by the photoprotein aequorin.
Quercetin is a natural flavonoid which activates or inhibits the activities of a number of proteins. Quercetin can activate SIRT1 and inhibit PI3K with IC50s of 2.4 μM, 3.0 μM, 5.4 μM for PI3K γ, PI3K δ and PI3K β, respecti
all-trans-4-Oxoretinoic acid, an active metabolite of vitamin A, induces gene transcription via binding to nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARs).
Atractylodin is an active component of the essential oil contained in the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea and A.
Angelicin, a furocoumarin naturally occurring tricyclic aromatic compound, structurally related to psoralens, is reported to have anti-cancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory activity. IC50 value: 49.56 μM (cellular cytotoxicity); 5.39 μg/ml (28.95 μM) (against MHV-68)Target: In vitro: In human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, angelicin increased cellular cytotoxicity in a dose- and time-dependent manner with IC50 of 49.56 μM at 48 h of incubation. Angelicin dose-dependently downregulated the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins including Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Mcl-1; Angelicin-induced apoptosis is mediated primarily through the intrinsic caspase-mediated pathway[1]. Angelicin efficiently inhibited 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced lytic replication of human gammaherpresviruses in both EBV- and KSHV-infected cells [2]. Angelicin was potentially advantageous to prevent inflammatory diseases by inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK pathways [3].In vivo:
H-HoArg-OH, a homologue arginine, is a strong inhibitor of human bone and liver alkaline phosphatase.
L-lysine hydrochloride is an essential amino acid for humans with various benefits including treating herpes, increasing calcium absorption, reducing diabetes-related illnesses and improving gut health.
Danofloxacin Mesylate(CP76136-27 mesylate) is a fluoroquinolone antibacterial for veterinary use.Target: AntibacterialDanofloxacin is a synthetic antibacterial agent of the fluoroquinolone class, acts principally by the inhibition of bacterial DNA-gyrase, which is necessary for supercoiling of DNA to provide a suitable spatial arrangement of DNA within the bacterial cell. The minimum inhibitory concentration of danofloxacin against 90% (MIC90) of contemporary European and North American field isolates of Pasteurella haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida and Haemophilus somnus, the most important bacterial respiratory pathogens of cattle, is 0.125 μg/ml [1]. Danofloxacin shows protective dose (PD50) of 0.38, 0.8, 2.42 mg/kg for P. multocida, E. coli and S. choleraesuis in in vivo mouse protection assay [2].
Closthioamide is a potent inhibitor of bacterial DNA gyrase and highly active against Ec, MRSA, VRE and Mv), with MICs of 9.00 μM, 0.58 μM, 0.58 μM and 72.03 μM respectively.
Beta Carotene is an organic compound and classified as a terpenoid. It is a precursor (inactive form) of vitamin A.Target: OthersBeta Carotene is a strongly colored red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruits.β-Carotene is biosynthesized from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. It is a member of the carotenes, which are tetraterpenes, synthesized biochemically from eight isoprene units and thus having 40 carbons. Among this general class of carotenes, β-carotene is distinguished by having beta-rings at both ends of the molecule. Absorption of β-carotene is enhanced if eaten with fats, as carotenes are fat soluble [1, 2].
Glucosamine is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids, is used as a dietary supplement.
Agarotetrol is a chromone derivative isolated from Agarwood.
beta-Mangostin is a natural product.
Mangiferin is a Nrf2 activator. Mangiferin suppresses nuclear translocation of the NF-κB subunits p65 and p50.
Atractylenolide II is a sesquiterpene compound isolated from the dried rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala (Baizhu in Chinese); anti-proliferative activity.IC50 value: 82.3 μM(B16 melanoma cell, 48 h) [1]Target: anticancer natural compoundin vitro: AT-II treatment for 48 h dose-dependently inhibited cell proliferation with an IC(50) of 82.3 μM, and induced G1 phase cell cycle arrest. Moreover, treatment with 75 μM AT-II induced apoptosis. These observations were associated with the decrease of the expression of Cdk2, phosphorylated-Akt, phosphorylated-ERK and Bcl-2, the increase of the expression of phosphorylated-p38, phosphorylated-p53, p21, p27, and activation of caspases-8, -9 and -3. In addition, a chemical inhibitor of p53, PFTα, significantly decreased AT-II-mediated growth inhibition and apoptosis [1]. In B16 and A375 cells, AT-II (20, 40 μm) treatment for 48 h dose-dependently reduced protein expression levels of phospho-STAT3, phospho-Src, as well as STAT3-regulated Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL. Overexpression of a constitutively active variant of STAT3, STAT3C in A375 cells diminished the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of AT-II [2].in vivo: Daily administration of AT-II (12.5, 25 mg/kg, i.g.) for 14 days significantly inhibited tumor growth in a B16 xenograft mouse model and inhibited the activation/phosphorylation of STAT3 and Src in the xenografts [2].