Hexacosanoic acid is a long-chain fatty acid related to various diseases such as adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) and atherosclerosis.
2',4'-Dihydroxyacetophenone (Resacetophenone) is acetophenone carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 2' and 4'. A plant metabolite.
Canthaxanthin is a red-orange carotenoid with various biological activities, such as antioxidant, antitumor properties.
Hydroxysafflor yellow A is a flavonoid derived and isolated from traditional Chinese medicine Carthamus tinctorius L., possesses anti-tumor activity. IC50 value:Target: in vitro: HYSA could inhibit LPS-induced VSMCs proliferation and migration, accompanied by the downregulated levels of several key pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8. We further showed that HYSA inhibited LPS-induced upregulation of TLR-4 expression as well as the activation of Rac1/Akt pathway [1]. HSYA protected EC viability against LPS-induced injury (P<0.05). LPS-induced NF-κB p65 subunit DNA binding (P<0.01) and nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor -α (I-κB-α) phosphorylation was inhibited by HSYA. HSYA attenuated LPS triggered ICAM-1 and E-selectin mRNA levels elevation and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK or c-Jun N-terminal kinase MAPK [2]. HSYA inhibited the proliferation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and cell viability greatly decreased in a dose and time dependent manner. HSYA (1 mg/l) notably reduced the amount of intracellular lipid and triglyceride content in adipocytes by 21.3 % (2.13 ± 0.36 vs 2.71 ± 0.40, P < 0.01) and 22.6 % (1.33 ± 0.07 vs 1.72 ± 0.07, P < 0.01) on days 8 following the differentiation, respectively [3]. in vivo: HSYA treatment ameliorated serum biochemical indicators by reducing the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), hyaluronan (HA), laminin (LN), and type III precollagen (III-C) in rats [4].
Cytidine is a nucleoside molecule that is formed when cytosine is attached to a ribose ring, cytidine is a component of RNA.Target: Nucleoside antimetabolite/analogCytidine is a nucleoside molecule that is formed when cytosine is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a β-N1-glycosidic bond. Cytidine is a component of RNA. If cytosine is attached to a deoxyribose ring, it is known as a deoxycytidine. Dietary sources of cytidine include foods with high RNA (ribonucleic acid) content, such as organ meats, Brewer's yeast, as well as pyrimidine-rich foods such as beer. During digestion, RNA-rich foods are broken-down into ribosyl pyrimidines (cytidine and uridine), which are absorbed intact. In humans, dietary cytidine is converted into uridine, which is probably the compound behind cytidine's metabolic effects.There are a variety of cytidine analogs with potentially useful pharmacology. For example, KP-1461 is an anti-HIV agent that works as a viral mutagen, and zebularine exists in E. coli and is being examined for chemotherapy. Low doses of azacitidine and its analog decitabine have shown results against cancer through epigenetic demethylation.
Monomelittoside is a natural compound.
Castor oil is a natural triglyceride which has a laxative effect and induces labor in pregnant females.
3-Methoxybenzoic acid can be used in the synthesis of 3-methoxybenzoates of europium (III) and gadolinium (III).
Cholesterol is the major sterol in mammals, and its importance in fundamental cellular processes is becoming more appreciated. IC50 value:Target:In vitro: GT1-7 hypothalamic cells subjected to cholesterol depletion in vitro produced 20-31% reductions in cellular cholesterol content, similar to the decrease in cholesterol synthesis observed in diabetes [1].In vivo:
Verbascoside is isolated from Lantana camara, acts as an ATP-competitive inhibitor of PKC, with an IC50 of 25 µM, and has antitumor, anti-inflammatory and antineuropathic pain activity.
8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine is a critical biomarker of oxidative stress and carcinogenesis.
Adrenic Acid is an inflammation enhancer in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
3-Hydroxycapric acid is an inhibitor for mitotic progression.
Hyaluronic acid is a biopolymer composed of repeating units of disaccharides with various applications.
Wilforlide A is a natural product, separated from the ethanolic extract of tripterygium wilfordii. IC50 value:Target:In vitro:In vivo: Carrageenan-induced rat pedal swelling, tampon-induced rat granulation, and mice ear inhibition rate of swelling trail results show that high-dose wilforlide A has obvious anti-inflammatory effect, but has no significant immune suppressive activity [1].
(-)-Gallocatechin gallate is the polyphenol isolated from tea, with cancer-preventive activities.
trans-Aconitic acid is present in normal human urine, and it has been suggested that is present in larger amounts with Reye's syndrome and organic aciduria. trans-Aconitic acid is a substrate of enzyme trans-aconitate 2-methyltransferase.
Timosaponin A1 is a coprostane type steroidal saponin isolated from Rhizoma Anemarrhenae.
Chebulagic acid is a COX-LOX dual inhibitor isolated from the fruits of Terminalia chebula Retz, on angiogenesis.target: COX-LOX [1]In vitro: Chebulagic acid can enhance the autophagy. Chebulagic acid exert anti-inflammatory and anti-infective effects. [1] [2] Chebulagic acid also show a protective effect against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) - induce cytotoxicity which mimics the pathological symptom of Parkinson's disease. Chebulagic acid inhibit the LPS-induced upregulation of TNF-α and IL-1β in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, LPS-activated MAPK signaling is inhibited by CA treatment in the EA.hy926 cells. [3]
Calycosin (Cyclosin) is a natural active compound with anti-oxidative and anti-inflammation activity.IC50 value:Target: in vitro: calycosin had obvious anti-proliferation effects on SKOV3 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. calycosin up-regulated the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9 expression in a dose-dependent manner. In summary, calycosin might exert anti-growth and induce-apoptosis activity against ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells through activating caspases and Bcl-2 family proteins, therefore presenting as a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of ovarian cancer [1]. Both calycosin and genistein inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, especially after treatment with calycosin. Treatment of MCF-7 cells with calycosin or genistein resulted in decreased phosphorylation of Akt, and decreased expression of its downstream target, HOTAIR [2]. incubation of calycosin resulted in enhanced expression ERβ in MCF-7 and T-47D cells, rather than MDA-231 and MDA-435 cells. Moreover, with the upregulation of ERβ, successive changes in downstream signaling pathways were found, including inactivation of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R), then stimulation of p38 MAPK and suppression of the serine/threonine kinase (Akt), and finally poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) cleavage [3].in vivo: calycosin stimulated a dramatic increase in uterine weight and downregulated the level of ERα protein in OVX mice [4].
Mepivacaine is a tertiary amine used as a local anesthetic.Target: Sodium ChannelMepivacaine is a local anesthetic of the amide type. Mepivacaine has a reasonably rapid onset (more rapid than that of procaine) and medium duration of action (shorter than that of procaine). Mepivacaine is used in any infiltration and regional anesthesia. It is supplied as the hydrochloride salt of the racemate [1]. Mepivacaine displayed a preferential use-dependent block of Na(v)1.8, S(-)-bupivacaine displayed a preference for TTXs Na(+) channels [2].
Escitalopram is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) with Ki of 0.89 nM.Target: SSRIsEscitalopram, the S-enantiomer of citalopram, belongs to a class of antidepressant agents known as selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Escitalopram may be used to treat major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Escitalopram has no significant affinity for adrenergic (alpha1, alpha2, beta), cholinergic, GABA, dopaminergic, histaminergic, serotonergic (5HT1A, 5HT1B, 5HT2), or benzodiazepine receptors; antagonism of such receptors has been hypothesized to be associated with various anticholinergic, sedative, and cardiovascular effects for other psychotropic drugs. The chronic administration of escitalopram is found to downregulate brain norepinephrine receptors, as has been observed with other drugs effective in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Escitalopram does not inhibit monoamine oxidase.
Ergosterol is the primary sterol found in fungi, with antioxidative, anti-proliferative, and anti-inflammatory effects.
Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) is a potent vasodilator and activates the prostaglandin E1 (EP) receptor.
2-Methoxybenzoic acid is used as an internal standard of salicylic acid and its putative biosynthetic precursors in cucumber leaves. Another known use is in the synthesis of Benextramine.
Dioscin(CCRIS 4123; Collettiside III) is a natural steroid saponin derived from several plants, showing potent anti-cancer effect against a variety of tumor cell lines. IC50 value:Target: Anticancer agentin vitro: dioscin (1, 2 and 4 μmol/L) could significantly inhibit the viability of LNCaP cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Flow cytometry revealed that the apoptosis rate was increased after treatment of LNCaP cells with dioscin for 24 h, indicating that apoptosis was an important mechanism by which dioscin inhibited cancer [1]. dioscin abrogated AKT phosphorylation, which subsequently impaired RANKL-induced nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) signaling pathway and inhibited NFATc1 transcriptional activity. Moreover, in vivo studies further verified the bone protection activity of dioscin in osteolytic animal model [2]. Dioscin reduced cell death and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release in cells subjected to I/R. I/R induced apoptosis and cytochrome c release from mitochondria to the cytosol and this was prevented by dioscin. In support, dioscin decreased Bax but increased Bcl-2 mRNA expression. Dioscin prevented I/R induced dissipation of ΔΨm [3].
Pentadecylic acid is a saturated fatty acid with a 15-carbon backbone.
2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid is a degradation product of cyaniding glycoside from tart cheeries in cell culture.
L-Hexanoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine and is found to be associated with celiac disease.
Ingenol-3,4,5,20-diacetonide is a natural compound.