3b-Hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid is a monohydroxy bile acid of endogenous origin and could be found in children with the syndrome of hepatic ductular hypoplasia.
Allopregnanolone is a progesterone metabolite. Allopregnanolone is an allosteric modulator of the GABA receptor.
Hyodeoxycholic acid is a secondary bile acid formed in the small intestine by the gut flora, and acts as a TGR5 (GPCR19) agonist, with an EC50 of 31.6 µM in CHO cells.
Piperlongumine is a natural alkaloid isolated from Piper longum Linn[1], possesses ant-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiangiogenic, antioxidant, antitumor, and antidiabetic activities[2]. Piperlongumine induces ROS, and induces apoptosis in cancer cell lines[1]. Piperlongumine shows anti-cardiac fibrosis activity, suppresses myofibroblast transformation via suppression of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway[2].
Ginsenoside Rf is a trace component of ginseng root. Ginsenoside Rf inhibits N-type Ca2+ channel.
Penicillin V Potassium is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections, is a penicillin that is orally active, acts by inhibiting the biosynthesis of cell-wall peptidoglycan.
N-Acetylcadaverine is the acetylated form of the polyamine cadaverine.
Melittoside is a natural compound.
Niacin (Vitamin B3) is a water-soluble vitamin and is part of the vitamin B group.Target: OthersNiacin (also known as vitamin B3 and nicotinic acid) is an organic compound with the formula C6H5NO2 and, depending on the definition used, one of the 20 to 80 essential human nutrients. Not enough niacin in the diet can cause nausea, skin and mouth lesions, anemia, headaches, and tiredness. Chronic Niacin deficiency leads to a disease called pellagra. The lack of niacin may also be observed in pandemic deficiency disease which is caused by a lack of five crucial vitamins: niacin,vitamin C, thiamin, vitamin D and vitamin A, and is usually found in areas of widespread poverty and malnutrition.Niacin has been used for over 50 years to increase levels of HDL in the blood and has been found to decrease the risk of cardiovascular events modestly in a number of controlled human trials. Niacin cannot be directly converted to nicotinamide, but both compounds could be converted to and are precursors of NAD and NADP in vivo.Nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, and tryptophan (via quinoline acid) are co-factors for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). NAD converts to NADP by phosphorylation in the presence of the enzyme NAD+ kinase. NADP and NAD are coenzyme for many dehydrogenases, participating in many hydrogen transfer processes. NAD is important in catabolism of fat, carbohydrate, protein, and alcohol, as well as cell signaling and DNA repair, and NADP mostly in anabolism reactions such as fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis.High energy requirements (brain) or high turnover rate (gut, skin) organs are usually the most susceptible to their deficiency.
Umbelliferone, a natural product of the coumarin family, is a fluorescing compound which can be used as a sunscreen agent.
Ceftibuten(Sch39720) is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic.IC50:Target: AntibacterialCeftibuten displayed high activity against Haemophilus influenzae and Branhamella catarrhalis. There was reduced activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae (MIC90 16 mg/l). The protein binding of Ceftibuten was 77% and the primary target site PBP 3. A high degree of stability to beta-lactamase hydrolysis was observed. [1]
Fructose is a simple ketonic monosaccharide found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose.
Ansamitocin P-3 is a microtubule inhibitor. Ansamitocin P-3 is a macrocyclic antitumor antibiotic.
Benzoylpaeoniflorin is a natural product; may treat coronary heart disease by decreasing apoptosis.
D-(+)-Neopterin, a catabolic product of guanosine triphosphate (GTM), serves as a marker of cellular immune system activation.
Beta-Sitosterol weakly inhibits porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) activity. Sitosterol is an important compound extracted from the leaves of Aloe vera.
Sulfaclozine is an efficacious sulphonamide derivative with antibacterial and anticoccidial effects.Target: Antibacterial, AntiparasiticSulfaclozine is an antibiotic commonly used in poultry for the treatment of coccidiosis and various infectious diseases, in broiler chickens. Sulfaclozine is commonly used for the treatment of various poultry diseases (particularly, collibacteriosis, fowl cholera and coccidiosis).
Alloepipregnanolone, a pregnane with anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties, interferes with the development of rapid tolerance to the anxiolytic effect of ethanol.
2-Oxobutanoic acid is a product in the enzymatic cleavage of cystathionine.
Ginsenoside Re is an extract from Panax notoginseng. Ginsenoside Re decreases the β-amyloid protein (Aβ). Ginsenoside Re plays a role in antiinflammation through inhibition of JNK and NF-κB.
Vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol) is a form of vitamin D, used as a vitamin D supplement. Target: Ergocalciferol is a secosteroid formed by a photochemical bond breaking of a steroid, specifically, by the action of ultraviolet light on ergosterol.
Isoginkgetin is a MMP-9 inhibitor, also a Pre-mRNA Splicing Inhibitor with IC 50 of 30 uM.target : MMP-9 [1], Pre-mRNA Splicing [2]IC 50: 30 u M (Pre-mRNA Splicing)In vitro: Isoginkgetin inhibits HT1080 tumor cell invasion substantially. Isoginkgetin is also quite effective in inhibiting the activities of Akt and MMP-9 in MDA-MB-231 breast carcinomas and B16F10 melanoma. Isoginkgetin treatment result in marked decrease in invasion of these cells. isoginkgetin inhibit activities of both Akt and NF-κB. Isoginkgetin markedly decrease MMP-9 expression and invasion through inhibition of this pathway. [1] Splicing inhibition is the mechanistic basis of the anti-tumor activity of isoginkgetin. [2] Isoginkgetin inhibits tumor cell invasion by regulating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt-dependent matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression. [3]
Huperzine A, an active Lycopodium alkaloid extracted from traditional Chinese herb, is a potent, selective and reversible acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor and has been widely used in China for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). IC50 value:Target: AChEHuperzine A exhibited protective effects against d-gal-induced hepatotoxicity and inflamm-aging by inhibiting AChE activity and via the activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. The huperzine A mechanism might be involved in the inhibition of DAMPs-mediated NF-κB nuclear localization and activation. Huperzine A is a potential therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease.
Indole-3-butyric acid (3-indolebutyric acid; IBA) is a plant growth auxin and a good rooting agent. It can promote herbs and woody ornamental plant rooting and used for improving fruit rate.
Xylose, a natural product, can be catalyzed into xylulose by xylose isomerase, and it is the key step for anaerobic ethanolic fermentation of xylose.
Harmine is a natural dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase ((DYRK)) inhibitor with anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities.
3-Hydroxydodecanoic acid is a medium-chain fatty acid associated with fatty acid metabolic disorders.
Dopamine HCl is a catecholamine neurotransmitter present in a wide variety of animals,And a dopamine D1-5 receptors agonist.Target: Dopamine ReceptorDopamine (or 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is a neuroendocrine transmitter in the catecholamine and phenethylamine families that plays a number of important roles in the brain and bodies of humans. Several important diseases of the nervous system are associated with dysfunctions of the dopamine system. Outside the nervous system, dopamine functions in several parts of the body as a local chemical messenger. In the blood vessels, it inhibits norepinephrine release and acts as a vasodilator; in the kidneys, it increases sodium excretion and urine output; in the pancreas, it reduces insulin production; in the digestive system, it reduces gastrointestinal motility and protects intestinal mucosa; and in the immune system, it reduces the activity of lymphocytes. A variety of important drugs work by altering the way the body makes or uses dopamine. Dopamine itself is available for intravenous injection: although it cannot reach the brain from the bloodstream, its peripheral effects make it useful in the treatment of heart failure or shock, especially in newborn babies. L-DOPA, the metabolic precursor of dopamine, does reach the brain and is the most widely used treatment for Parkinson's disease. From Wikipedia.
Tubercidin (7-Deazaadenosine) is an adenosine analog, is an antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces tubercidicus.Target: AntibacterialTubercidin inhibits the growth of Streptococcus faecalis by 50 % at a concentration of 20 nM. Tubercidin is not subject to cleavage by adenosine phosphorylase or to deamination by adenosine deaminase. The antibiotic served as a substrate for numerous enzymes involved in the anabolism of adenosine, as demonstrated by its incorporation into RNA and DNA, and by the formation of nicotinamide-deaza-adenine dinucleotide. Tubercidin proves to be a weak inhibitor of adenosine phosphorylase, and interfered with the phosphorylation of adenosine and AMP. The inhibition of the growth of S. faecalis by Tubercidin is prevented by purine and pyrimidine nucleosides, ribose 5-phosphate, pyruvate, and certain amino acids. In the presence of Tubercidin, growing cultures of the test organism used pyruvate instead of glucose, whereas in the absence of the antibiotic glucose served as the main source of energy. It is suggested, therefore, that the impairment of growth is due primarily to the interference of Tubercidin with the utilization of glucose.
Prilocaine is a local anesthetic of the amino amide type.Target: OthersPrilocaine is a local anesthetic of the amino amide type first prepared by Claes Tegner and Nils L?fgren. In its injectable form (trade name Citanest), it is often used in dentistry. It is also often combined with lidocaine as a preparation for dermal anesthesia, for treatment of conditions like paresthesia. As it has low cardiac toxicity, it is commonly used for intravenous regional anaesthesia (IVRA). In some patients, a metabolite of prilocaine may cause the unusual side effect of methemoglobinemia, which may be treated with methylene blue. Maximum dosage for dental use: 8.0 mg/kg (2.7 mg/lb), with a maximum dose of 500 mg.Eutectic Mixture of Local Anesthetics (EMLA) containing 5% lidocaine and prilocaine in a cream was found to give effective topical analgesia in normal and diseased skin, making it useful for superficial surgery and various other clinical procedures. To be effective, an adequate amount must be applied under occlusion and at the right time before the intervention.