Homatropine is an orally active muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist and can be used as an anticholinergic agent[1].
Muscarine ((+)-Muscarine) iodide is a toxin that can stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system. Muscarine iodide is a prototype muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist[1][2].
Zamifenacin (UK-76654) is a potent gut-selective muscarinic M3 receptor antagonist. Zamifenacin significantly reduces colonic motility in irritable bowel syndrome[1].
Tazomeline is a selective M1 muscarinic receptor agonist. Tazomeline inhibits twitch height in rabbit vas deferens(IC50= 0.001 nM). Tazomeline can be used for research of neuropsychiatric disorders[1].
Cyclobuxine D is a steroidal alkaloid extracted from Buxus microphylla. Cyclobuxine D has a significant bradycardic effect in the rat heart and an inhibitory action on acetylcholine and Ba++−induced contraction of the longitudinal muscle isolated from the rabbit jejunum[1][2].
Ambutonium bromide is an acetylcholine antagonist.
Arborine, isolated from Glycosmis arborea, inhibits the peripheral action of acetylcholine and induces a fall in blood pressure[1][1].
Pilocarpine nitrate is a selective M3-type muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3 muscarinic receptor) agonist.
Methapyrilene is a histamine antagonist, a pyridine chemical with anticholinergic activity. Methapyrilene can cause target organ-specific epigenetic alterations, such as a decrease in DNA methylation levels. Methapyrilene induces hepatocellular carcinoma in rats[1][2].
Perlapine is a potent muscarinic DREADD (Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs) agonist Perlapine exhibits >10000-fold selectivity for hM3Dq over hM3 receptors[1].
Benzetimide hydrochloride is a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. Target: mAChR
Biperiden (KL 373) lactate is an orally active non-selective muscarinic receptor antagonist that competitively binds to M1 muscarinic receptors. Biperiden (KL 373) lactate inhibits acetylcholine and enhances dopamine signaling in the central nervous system. Biperiden (KL 373) lactate has the potential for the research of Parkinson's disease and other related psychiatric disorders[1][2].
Fesoterodine L-mandelate is an orally active, nonsubtype selective, competitive muscarinic receptor (mAChR) antagonist with pKi values of 8.0, 7.7, 7.4, 7.3, 7.5 for M1, M2, M3, M4, M5 receptors, respectively. Fesoterodine L-mandelate is used for the overactive bladder (OAB)[1][2].
SA504 is an anticholinergic agent.
Umeclidinium bromide is a novel mAChR antagonist. The affinity (Ki) of Umeclidinium bromide for the cloned human M1-M5 mAChRs ranges from 0.05 to 0.16 nM.
(±)-Darifenacin-d4 is deuterium labeled (±)-Darifenacin. (±)-Darifenacin is the racemate of Darifenacin. Darifenacin is a selective M3 muscarinic receptor antagonist[1].
Clidinium bromide is an anticholinergic (specifically a muscarinic antagonist) drug, may help symptoms of cramping and abdominal/stomach pain by decreasing stomach acid, and slowing the intestines.
Nuvenzepine is an mAChR antagonist previously in phase I clinical trials for the treatment of gastrospasm.
M1/M2/M4 muscarinic agonist 3 (compound 45) is a muscarinic mAChR M1/M2/M4 agonist with EC50s of 3.2 nM, 32 nM and 1.7 nM, respectively[1].
Tarafenacin(SVT-40776) is a highly selective M3 muscarinic receptor antagonist (Ki= 0.19 nM), ~200 fold selectivity over M2 receptor.IC50 value: 0.19 nM (Ki) [1]Target: M3 muscarinic receptorin vitro: SVT-40776 is highly selective for M(3) over M(2) receptors (Ki = 0.19 nmol.L(-1) for M(3) receptor affinity). SVT-40776 was the most potent in inhibiting carbachol-induced bladder contractions of the anti-cholinergic agents tested, without affecting atrial contractions over the same range of concentrations. SVT-40776 exhibited the highest urinary versus cardiac selectivity (199-fold) [1]. SVT-40776 has a much higher binding affinity (K(d) = 0.4 nM) to M5 mAChR than that of solifenacin (K(d) = 31 nM) with the same reeptor. The calculated binding free energy change (-2.3 ± 0.3 kcal/mol) from solifenacin to SVT-40776 is in good agreement with the experimentally derived binding free energy change (-2.58 kcal/mol), suggesting that our modeled M5 mAChR structure and its complexes with the antagonists are reliable [2].in vivo: In the guinea pig in vivo model, SVT-40776 inhibited 25% of spontaneous bladder contractions at a very low dose (6.97 microg.kg(-1) i.v), without affecting arterial blood pressure [1].
DREADD agonist 21 is a potent human muscarinic acetylcholine M3 receptors (hM3Dq) agonist(EC50=1.7 nM).
Bethanechol is a parasympathomimetic choline carbamate that selectively stimulates muscarinic receptors without any effect on nicotinic receptors.Target: muscarinic receptorHyoscine butylbromide concentration dependently reduced muscle contractions, calcium mobilization, and epithelial secretion induced by the muscarinic agonist bethanechol with IC50 values of 429, 121, and 224 nmol L(-1), respectively.[2] Bethanechol presentes significantly improve of salivary parameters. Bethanechol is effective in decreasing the salivary gland damage.[3] Cerebral malakoplakia is a very rare chronic inflammatory disease. Treatment with antibiotic Bethanechol improves symptoms in association with a decrease in the abnormal calcification and enhancement.[4]
Talsaclidine is a muscarinic agonist with preferential neuron-stimulating properties. Talsaclidine is a full agonist at the M1 subtype, and as a partial agonist at the M2 and M3 subtypes[1][2][3][4].
M4 mAChR agonist-1 (compound 10a) is a potent M4 mAChR agonist with an EC50 >10 μM for human M4[1].
Oxitropium bromide is an mAChR antagonist used as an anticholinergic bronchodilator drug for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Methscopolamine (Pamine) is a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor blocker. Target: mAChRMethylscopolamine is an oral medication used along with other medications to treat peptic ulcers by reducing stomach acid secretion. With the advent of proton pump inhibitors and antihistamine medications it is rarely used for this. It can also be used for stomach or intestinal spasms, to reduce salivation, and to treat motion sickness. From Wikipedia.Methscopolamine (Pamine), an anti-acetylcholine drug, prevented ulcer formation, reduced further volume and acid output but produced a 3-4 fold increase in hexosamine concentration. Tissue (corpus and antrum) hexosamine was moderately reduced by restraint. In the corpus, this was counteracted by methscopolamine but antrum hexosamine was not influenced by this drug. The anti-ulcer property of methscopolamine may be due not only to its effect on acid secretion but also to the rise in gastric mucus concentration that it produced [1].
ML375 (VU-0483253) is a potent, highly selective M5 NAM with submicromolar potency (human M5 IC50=300 nM, rat M5 IC50=790 nM, M1-M4 IC50> 30 uM), exhibts excellent multispecies PK, high CNS penetration, and enantiospecific inhibition.
Benztropine-d3 (mesylate) is the deuterium labeled Benztropine mesylate[1]. Benztropine mesylate (Benzatropine mesylate) is an orally active centrally acting anticholinergic agent that can be used for Parkinson's disease research. Benztropine mesylate is an anti-histamine agent and a dopamine re-uptake inhibitor. Benztropine mesylate is also a human D2 dopamine receptor allosteric antagonist. Benztropine mesylate also has anti-CSCs (cancer stem cells) effects[2][3].
Bethanechol Chloride is a selective muscarinic receptor agonist without any effect on nicotinic receptors.Target: mAChRBethanechol is a parasympathomimetic choline carbamate that selectively stimulates muscarinic receptors without any effect on nicotinic receptors. Unlike acetylcholine, bethanechol is not hydrolyzed by cholinesterase and will therefore have a long duration of action. Oral bethanechol significantly improves contraction pressures and bolus transit in the smooth muscle portion of the esophagus in patients with severe IEM [1]. Bethanechol has potential benefit in the treatment of cerebral palsy [2].
Alvameline (Lu25-109) is a partial M1 agonist and M2/M3 antagonist.