Anisatin, a pure toxic substance isolated from the seeds of a Japanese plant (Illicium anisatum) acts as a picrotoxin-like, non-competitive GABA antagonist. Anisatin suppresses GABA-induced currents in a concentration-dependent manner with an EC50 of ~1.10 μM[1].
5-HT2A&5-HT2C agonist-1 (Example 2) is a 5-HT2A & 5-HT2C agonist, with IC50s of 196 nM and 0.9 nM respectively. 5-HT2A&5-HT2C agonist-1 can be used for research of depression, alcoholism, tobacco and cocaine addiction, inflammation, cluster headache, PTSD, seizure disorders and other CNS disorders[1].
Etomidate(R-16659) is a GABAA receptors agonist, which is a short acting intravenous anaesthetic agent used for the induction of general anaesthesia.Target: GABA ReceptorEtomidate is a potent inhibitor of the adrenal response to surgery. The absence of clinical consequences associated with the blunted response suggests that a major increase in adrenal hormone production may not be necessary during surgery [1]. Etomidate is an intravenous induction agent that is associated with hemodynamic stability during intubation. The agent is therefore attractive for use in critically ill patients who have a high risk of hemodynamic instability during this procedure [2]. Etomidate use was not associated with all cause 28-day mortality or hospital mortality but was associated with significantly higher ICU mortality (91% vs. 64% for etomidate and controls groups, respectively; p = 0.02). Etomidate patients who received subsequent doses of hydrocortisone required lower doses of vasopressors and had more vasopressor-free days but no improvement in mortality [3].Clinical indications: FDA Approved Date: 1983Toxicity: Undesirable side effects of etomidate that may limit its use include pain on injection, myoclonus and adrenocortical suppression lasting 4-6 hours following an induction dose.
RJR 2429 hydrochloride is a α4β2 and α7 nAChR agonist[1].
SKF83959 hydrobromide is a potent and selective dopamine D1-like receptor partial agonist. SKF83959 hydrobromide Ki values for rat D1, D5, D2 and D3 receptors are 1.18, 7.56, 920 and 399 nM, respectively. SKF83959 hydrobromide is a potent allosteric modulator of sigma (σ)-1 receptor. SKF83959 hydrobromide belongs to benzazepine family and has improvements on cognitive dysfunction. SKF83959 hydrobromide can be used for the research of Alzheimer's disease and depression[1][2][3][4].
DS2 is a selective positive allosteric modulator of δ-GABAA receptor. DS2 selectively potentiates GABA responses mediated by α4β3δ receptor. DS2 does not enhance activity at α4β3γ2 and α1β3γ2 receptors. DS2 relieves pain and has the potential for sleep disorders research[1].
N-Benzyllinolenamide is a natural macamide isolated from Lepidium meyenii, acts as an inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) with an IC50 of 41.8 μM[1].
(S)-(+)-Dimethindene maleate, an enantiomer, is a potent M2-selective muscarinic receptor antagonist (pA2 = 7.86/7.74; pKi = 7.78). (S)-(+)-Dimethindene maleate shows lower affinities for the muscarinic M1 (pA2 = 6.83/6.36; pKi = 7.08), the M3 (pA2 = 6.92/6.96; pKi = 6.70) and the M4 receptors (pKi = 7.00), respectively. (S)-(+)-Dimethindene maleate also is a histamine H1 receptor antagonist (pA2 = 7.8)[1].
SUN B8155, a non-peptide agonist of calcitonin (CT) receptor, selectively mimics the biological actions of calcitonin. Calcitonin, a 32-amino acid peptide hormone secreted mainly from the thyroid gland, plays an important role in maintaining bone homeostasis[1].
Pramipexole-d5 is the deuterium labeled Pramipexole[1]. Pramipexole is a selective and blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetrant dopamine D2-type receptor agonist, with Kis of 2.2 nM, 3.9 nM, 0.5 nM and 1.3 nM for D2-type receptor, D2, D3 and D4 receptors, respectively. Pramipexole can be used for the research of Parkinson's disease (PD) and restless legs syndrome (RLS)[2][3][4].
Scopolamine N-oxide hydrobromide is an antagonist of the muscarinic acetylcholine.
Norbinaltorphimine dihydrochloride is a potent and selective κ opioid receptor antagonist.
Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase Substrate Analog is a Ca2+- and calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) substrate peptide. Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase Substrate Analog is a synthetic peptide substrate for protein kinases[1].
GYKI53655 hydrochloride is an α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) antagonist.
Br-PBTC is a potent, 2/4 subtype-selective positive allosteric modulator of nAChRs (nicotinic acetylcholine receptors) with α2β2，α2β4，α4β2，α4β4，(α4β2)2α4 and (α4β2)2β2 EC50 ranges from 0.1~0.6 μM. Br-PBTC acts from the c-tail of an α subunit[1].
Pyrantel is an orally active anthelmintic and an agonist of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). Pyrantel can cause spasmodic muscle paralysis in parasites. Pyrantel can be used in the study of parasitic infections such as ascariasis, hookworm infections, intestinal worms (pinworm infections), trichinosis and trichinosis[1][2].
Metrifonate is an irreversible organophosphate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches.
BRL 52537 hydrochloride is a highly selective κ-Opioid receptor (KOR) agonist with Kis of 0.24 nM and 1560 nM for κ and μ subtypes, respectively. BRL 52537 hydrochloride decreases ischemia-evoked NO production as a potential mechanism of neuroprotection. BRL 52537 hydrochloride attenuates early stroke damage[1].
NBQX is a highly selective and competitive AMPA receptor antagonist.
Vofopitant is potent tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist, with pKis of 10.6, 9.5, and 9.8 for human, rat and ferret NK1 receptor, respectively.
MAO-B-IN-2 is a selective and competitive inhibitor of MAO-B and BChE with IC50 values of 0.51 and 7.00 μM, respectively.
[D-Ala2]-Met-Enkephalinamide, an opioid peptide, is a potent opioid agonist. [D-Ala2]-Met-Enkephalinamide decreases bile flow by a central mechanism. [D-Ala2]-Met-Enkephalinamide has analgesic properties[1][2].
L-Phenylalanine-13C6 ((S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid-13C6) is the 13C-labeled L-Phenylalanine. L-Phenylalanine ((S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid) is an essential amino acid isolated from Escherichia coli. L-Phenylalanine is a α2δ subunit of voltage-dependent Ca+ channels antagonist with a Ki of 980 nM. L-phenylalanine is a competitive antagonist for the glycine- and glutamate-binding sites of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) (KB of 573 μM ) and non-NMDARs, respectively. L-Phenylalanine is widely used in the production of food flavors and pharmaceuticals[1][2][3][4].
7-Chlorokynurenic acid is a selective antagonist at the glycine modulatory site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex and also a potent inhibitor of the reuptake of glutamate into synaptic vesicles with a Ki of 0.59 μM.
α-Conotoxin AuIA is a potent and selective α3β4 n-nAChR inhibitor. α-Conotoxin AuIA is a α-conotoxin that can be isolated from Conus aulicus[1].
MAO-B-IN-9 (compound 16) is a potent, selective, BBB-penetrated, irreversible and time-dependent MAO-B (monoamine oxidase B) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 0.18 μM. MAO-B-IN-9 prevents Aβ1-42-induced neuronal cell death. MAO-B-IN-9 shows neuroprotective effects, which may be the result of its Aβ1-42 anti-aggregation effects[1].
Sabcomeline (SB-202026) is a potent and functionally selective muscarinic M1 receptor partial agonist that improve cognition. Sabcomeline can be used for Alzheimer's disease research[1][2].
Bicuculline methobromide is a selective GABAA receptor antagonist with an IC50 value of 3 μM. Bicuculline methobromide induces clonic tonic convulsions in mammals and can also be used to block Ca2+ activated potassium channels. Bicuculline methobromide can be used in studies of epilepsy and other related psychiatric disorders[1][2].
ST1936 is a selective, nanomolar affinity 5-HT6 receptor agonist with Ki values of 13 nM, 168 nM and 245 nM for human 5-HT6, 5-HT7 and 5-HT2B receptors, respectively. ST1936 also shows moderate affinity (Ki of 300 nM) for human and rat α2 adrenergic receptor[1].
Elucaine is a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist with anti-ulcerative activity.