Metabolic pathways are enzyme-mediated biochemical reactions that lead to biosynthesis (anabolism) or breakdown (catabolism) of natural product small molecules within a cell or tissue. In each pathway, enzymes catalyze the conversion of substrates into structurally similar products. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. Metabolism maintains the living state of the cells and the organism.

Proteases are used throughout an organism for various metabolic processes. Proteases control a great variety of physiological processes that are critical for life, including the immune response, cell cycle, cell death, wound healing, food digestion, and protein and organelle recycling. On the basis of the type of the key amino acid in the active site of the protease and the mechanism of peptide bond cleavage, proteases can be classified into six groups: cysteine, serine, threonine, glutamic acid, aspartate proteases, as well as matrix metalloproteases. Proteases can not only activate proteins such as cytokines, or inactivate them such as numerous repair proteins during apoptosis, but also expose cryptic sites, such as occurs with β-secretase during amyloid precursor protein processing, shed various transmembrane proteins such as occurs with metalloproteases and cysteine proteases, or convert receptor agonists into antagonists and vice versa such as chemokine conversions carried out by metalloproteases, dipeptidyl peptidase IV and some cathepsins. In addition to the catalytic domains, a great number of proteases contain numerous additional domains or modules that substantially increase the complexity of their functions.

Imbalances in metabolic activities have been found to be critical in a number of pathologies, such as cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases.

References:
[1] Turk B, et al. EMBO J. 2012 Apr 4;31(7):1630-43.
[2] Eatemadi A, et al. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017 Feb;86:221-231.


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15-PGDH 5 alpha Reductase 5-Lipoxygenase Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Acyltransferase Adenosine Deaminase Adenosine Kinase Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) Aldose Reductase Aminopeptidase Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE) ATGL ATP Citrate Lyase Carbonic Anhydrase Carboxypeptidase Cathepsin CETP COMT Cytochrome P450 Dipeptidyl Peptidase Dopamine β-hydroxylase E1/E2/E3 Enzyme Elastase Enolase FAAH FABP Factor Xa Farnesyl Transferase Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) FXR Glucokinase GSNOR Gutathione S-transferase HCV Protease Hexokinase HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase HIV Integrase HIV Protease HMG-CoA Reductase (HMGCR) HSP Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH) Lactate Dehydrogenase LXR MAGL Mineralocorticoid Receptor Mitochondrial Metabolism MMP Nampt NEDD8-activating Enzyme Neprilysin PAI-1 PDHK PGC-1α Phosphatase Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Phospholipase Procollagen C Proteinase Proteasome Pyruvate Kinase RAR/RXR Renin ROR Ser/Thr Protease SGK Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD) Thrombin Tryptophan Hydroxylase Tyrosinase Xanthine Oxidase
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Dihydromorin

Dihydromorin, a natural flavanonol compound, is a tyrosinase inhibitor[1].

  • CAS Number: 18422-83-8
  • MF: C15H12O7
  • MW: 304.252
  • Catalog: Tyrosinase
  • Density: 1.7±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 693.8±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 224°C (lit.)
  • Flash Point: 266.5±25.0 °C

Ovalbumin (154-159) trifluoroacetate salt

Ovalbumin (154-159) is a fragment from ovalbumin. Ovalbumin (154-159) is a potent angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Ovalbumin (154-159) can be used for research of hypertension[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 1370698-94-4
  • MF: C28H52N10O9
  • MW: 672.77
  • Catalog: Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE)
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Resorcinolnaphthalein

Resorcinolnaphthalein is a specific angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) enhancer and activates ACE2 activity with an EC50 value of 19.5 μM. Resorcinolnaphthalein can be used for the investigation of hypertension and renal fibrosis[1].

  • CAS Number: 41307-63-5
  • MF: C24H14O5
  • MW: 382.365
  • Catalog: Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE)
  • Density: 1.6±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 688.4±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 249.7±25.0 °C

SREBP/SCAP-IN-2

SREBP/SCAP-IN-2(compound 13) is a selectiveSREBP/SCAPinhibitor[1].

  • CAS Number: 2763493-94-1
  • MF: C27H37ClF2N4O
  • MW: 507.06
  • Catalog: Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS)
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

CB 300919

CB 300919 is a water-soluble analogue of CB30865; has a continuous exposure (96 h) growth inhibition IC50 value of 2 nM in human CH1 ovarian tumor xenograft.IC50 value:Target: Nampt

  • CAS Number: 289715-28-2
  • MF: C32H34ClN7O2
  • MW: 584.11100
  • Catalog: Nampt
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Protamine sulfates

Protamine sulfate, polycationic peptide and a antiheparin agent, could neutralize the anticoagulant action of heparin and enhances lipid-mediated gene transfer[1][2][3].

  • CAS Number: 9009-65-8
  • MF: C264H460N128O65S7
  • MW: 6691.85629
  • Catalog: Thrombin
  • Density: 2.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 330.0±11.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

(+)-Talarozole

(+)-Talarozole is a potent inhibitor of retinoic acid metabolism extracted from patent WO 1997049704 A1.

  • CAS Number: 201410-66-4
  • MF: C21H23N5S
  • MW: 377.51
  • Catalog: RAR/RXR
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Cathepsin X-IN-1

Cathepsin X-IN-1 (compound 25) is a potent Cathepsin X inhibitor with an IC50 of 7.13 µM. Cathepsin X-IN-1 decreases PC-3 cell migration with low cytotoxic[1].

  • CAS Number: 2418577-51-0
  • MF: C15H13N3O3S
  • MW: 315.35
  • Catalog: Cathepsin
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Darunavir Ethanolate

Darunavir ethanolate (TMC114 ethanolate) is a potent HIV protease inhibitor used to treat and prevent HIV/AIDS. Darunavir has a Ki of 1 nM for wild type HIV-1 protease.

  • CAS Number: 635728-49-3
  • MF: C29H43N3O8S
  • MW: 593.732
  • Catalog: HIV
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

MDL 27399

MDL 27399 is an inhibitor of human neutrophil cathepsin G (Ki = 7 μM). MDL 27399 can be used for research of inflammatory diseases[1].

  • CAS Number: 131374-22-6
  • MF: C26H36N4O8
  • MW: 532.58600
  • Catalog: Cathepsin
  • Density: 1.239g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 840.6ºC at 760mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 462.2ºC

Atractylochromene

Atractylochromene is a potent dual inhibitor of 5-LOX/COX-1 with IC50s of 0.6 and 3.3 μM, respectively[1].

  • CAS Number: 203443-33-8
  • MF: C17H22O2
  • MW: 258.36
  • Catalog: COX
  • Density: 1.030±0.06 g/cm3(Predicted)
  • Boiling Point: 387.1±42.0 °C(Predicted)
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Tiprelestat

Tiprelestat is a potent human neutrophil elastase inhibitor. Tiprelestat has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. Tiprelestat can be used in the research of inflammation/immune disease[1].

  • CAS Number: 820211-82-3
  • MF: C254H416N72O75S10
  • MW: 5999.09
  • Catalog: Elastase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Genistein 8-c-glucoside

Genistein 8-c-glucoside (G8CG) is a natural glucoside isolated from flowers of Lupinus luteus L. Genistein 8-c-glucoside induces mitochondrial membrane depolarization and induces apoptosis[1].

  • CAS Number: 66026-80-0
  • MF: C21H20O10
  • MW: 432.37800
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: 767.7±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Faldaprevir

Faldaprevir (BI 201335) is a potent, orally active and selective noncovalent inhibitor of NS3/4A protease of HCV (hepatitis C virus) genotypes 1a and 1b, with Ki values of 2.6 and 2.0 nM, respectively. Faldaprevir inhibits HCV RNA replication, with EC50 values of 6.5 and 3.1 nM, respectively. Faldaprevir has potent antiviral activity against chronic HCV infection[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 801283-95-4
  • MF: C40H49BrN6O9S
  • MW: 869.82
  • Catalog: HCV Protease
  • Density: 1.5±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Endoproteinase Asp-N

Endoproteinase Asp-N (Asp-N) is a metalloprotease that can specifically cleave the N-terminal side of aspartyl and cysteic acid residues[1].

  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

JNJ-42226314

JNJ-42226314 is a competitive, highly selective and reversible non-covalent monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitor. JNJ-42226314 demonstrates dose-dependent enhancement of the major endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) as well as efficacy in models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain[1].

  • CAS Number: 1252765-13-1
  • MF: C26H24FN5O2S
  • MW: 489.56
  • Catalog: MAGL
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

TRC051384 HCl

TRC051384 hydrochloride is a potent inducer of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). TRC051384 hydrochloride exhibits protective effects against neuronal trauma via inhibition of necroptosis. TRC051384 hydrochloride can be used for the research of ischemic stroke[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 1333327-56-2
  • MF: C25H32ClN5O4
  • MW: 502.01
  • Catalog: HSP
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Baceridin

Baceridin is a proteasome inhibitor and a cyclic hexapeptide. Baceridin can be isolated from the culture medium of Epiphytic Bacillus. Baceridin can inhibit cell cycle progression and induce tumor cell apoptosis through a p53-independent pathway. Baceridin can be used in cancer research[1].

  • CAS Number: 1622872-91-6
  • MF: C37H57N7O6
  • MW: 695.9
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Diaminopropionoyl tripeptide-33

Diaminopropionoyl tripeptide-33isa bioactive peptide with protects skin cells from UVA-induced DNA damages and has been reported used as a cosmetic ingredient[1].

  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

(+)-Mediresinol Di-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside

(+)-Medioresinol Di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside is a lignan glucoside with strong inhibitory activity of 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) phosphodiesterase[1].

  • CAS Number: 88142-63-6
  • MF: C33H44O17
  • MW: 712.69
  • Catalog: Phosphodiesterase (PDE)
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Dabigatran-13C6

Dabigatran-13C6 is the 13C labeled Dabigatran[1]. Dabigatran (BIBR 953), an oral anticoagulant, is a reversible, potent, competitive direct thrombin inhibitor (Ki=4.5 nM). Dabigatran (BIBR 953) also inhibits thrombin-induced platelet aggregation (IC50=10 nM)[2][3].

  • CAS Number: 1210608-88-0
  • MF: C25H25N7O3
  • MW: 477.46700
  • Catalog: Thrombin
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Indinavir sulfate ethanolate

Indinavir sulfate ethanolate (MK-639 ethanolate) is an orally active and selective HIV-1 protease inhibitor with a Ki of 0.54 nM for PR. Indinavir sulfate ethanolate exhibits anticancer activity by inhibiting the activation of MMPs-2 hydrolysis, anti-angiogenesis and inducing apoptosis. Indinavir sulfate ethanolate is also a SARS-CoV 3CLpro inhibitor[1][2][3][4].

  • CAS Number: 2563866-80-6
  • MF: C38H55N5O9S
  • MW: 757.94
  • Catalog: HIV
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

DPP-IV-IN-2

DPP-IV-IN-2 is an inhibitor of both dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPIV) and DP8/9 with IC50s of 0.1 and 0.95 μM, respectively.

  • CAS Number: 136259-18-2
  • MF: C18H26N4O5
  • MW: 378.42300
  • Catalog: Dipeptidyl Peptidase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Nepicastat (hydrochloride)

Nepicastat Hcl(SYN117 Hcl; RS-25560-197 Hcl) is a dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor with IC50 of 8.5 ± 0.8 and 9.0 ± 0.8 nM for bovine and human, respectively. IC50 value: 8.5/9.0 nM(bovine/human dopamine beta-hydroxylase)Dopamine beta-hydroxylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine. Nepicastat (SYN117; RS-25560-197) has been studied as a possible treatment for congestive heart failure, and appears to be well tolerated as such.

  • CAS Number: 170151-24-3
  • MF: C14H16ClF2N3S
  • MW: 331.812
  • Catalog: Dopamine β-hydroxylase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Diosmetin

Diosmetin is a natural flavonoid which inhibits human CYP1A enzyme activity with an IC50 of 40 μM in HepG2 cell.

  • CAS Number: 520-34-3
  • MF: C16H12O6
  • MW: 300.263
  • Catalog: Cytochrome P450
  • Density: 1.5±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 576.7±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 256-258ºC
  • Flash Point: 220.3±23.6 °C

Rhapontigenin

Rhapontigenin is a natural analog of resveratrol with anticancer, antioxidant, antifungal and antibacterial activities. Rhapontigenin is amechanism-based, potent and selective cytochrome P450 1A1 inactivator (IC50 = 400 nM). Rhapontigenin exhibits 400-fold and 23-fold selectivity for P450 1A1 over P450 1A2 and P450 1B1, respectively[1].

  • CAS Number: 500-65-2
  • MF: C15H14O4
  • MW: 258.269
  • Catalog: Cytochrome P450
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 503.6±38.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 186-187ºC
  • Flash Point: 258.4±26.8 °C

(3S,5S)-Atorvastatin

(3S,5S)-Atorvastatin is a inactive enantiomer of Atorvastatin. (3S,5S)-Atorvastatin can activate pregnane X receptor (PXR). Atorvastatin is an orally active HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, has the ability to effectively decrease blood lipids[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 501121-34-2
  • MF: C33H35FN2O5
  • MW: 558.64000
  • Catalog: Cytochrome P450
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: 182-184ºC
  • Flash Point: N/A

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor 7

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor 7 (compound 5b) is a potent inhibitor of human carbonic anhydrase (hCA), with Kis of 6.5 nM, 7.1 nM, 72.1 nM, and 255.8 nM for hCA IX, hCA II, hCA XII and hCA I, respectively[1].

  • CAS Number: 546105-61-7
  • MF: C23H17N3O5S
  • MW: 447.46
  • Catalog: Carbonic Anhydrase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

LXRβ agonist-2

LXRβ agonist-2 is a highly potent and β-selective liver X receptor (LXRβ) agonist with EC50 of 7 nM, displays 28.5-fold selectivity over LXRα (EC50=200 nM) and used in the treatment of atherosclerosis[1].

  • CAS Number: 1949801-52-8
  • MF: C32H31F6N3O7
  • MW: 683.59
  • Catalog: LXR
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

(S)-BI-1001

(S)-BI-1001 (Compound 11) is an active S-enantiomer of BI-1001. (S)-BI-1001 exhibits antiviral potency against HIV-1 integrase with an IC50 of 28 nM, an EC50 of 450 nM and a Kd of 4.7 μM[1].

  • CAS Number: 957889-73-5
  • MF: C19H15BrClNO3
  • MW: 420.68
  • Catalog: HIV Integrase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A