Isatin (Indoline-2,3-dione) is a potent inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (MAO) with an IC50 of 3 μM. Also binds to central benzodiazepine receptors (IC50 against clonazepam, 123 μM)[1]. Also acts as an antagonist of both atrial natriuretic peptide stimulated and nitric oxide-stimulated guanylate cyclase activity[2]. Shows effect on the serotonergic system[3].
Paeonol is an active extraction from the root of Paeonia suffruticosa, Paeonol inhibits MAO-A and MAO-B with IC50 of 54.6 μM and 42.5 μM, respectively.
3-Methylcrotonylglycine is an acyl glycine, a normal amino acid metabolite found in urine.
Retinoic acid is a metabolite of vitamin A that plays important roles in cell growth, differentiation, and organogenesis. Retinoic acid is a natural agonist of RAR nuclear receptors, with IC50s of 14 nM for RARα/β/γ. Retinoic acid bind to PPARβ/δ with Kd of 17 nM.
Berbamine dihydrochloride is an inhibitor of NF-κB activity with remarkable anti-myeloma efficacy.
Bergapten is a natural anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor agent isolated from bergamot essential oil, other citrus essential oils and grapefruit juice. Bergapten is inhibitory towards mouse and human CYP isoforms.
L-Methionine is the L-isomer of Methionine, an essential amino acid for human development. Methionine acts as a hepatoprotectant.
Bergamottin is a potent and competitive CYP1A1 inhibitor with a Ki of 10.703 nM.
Isoastragaloside I is a natural compound from the medicinal herb Radix Astragali; possesses the activity of elevating adiponectin production.IC50 value:Target:Astragaloside II and isoastragaloside I selectively increased adiponectin secretion in primary adipocytes without any obvious effects on a panel of other adipokines. Furthermore, an additive effect on induction of adiponectin production was observed between these two compounds and rosiglitazone, a thiazolidinedione class of insulin-sensitizing drugs. Chronic administration of astragaloside II and isoastragaloside I in both dietary and genetic obese mice significantly elevated serum levels of total adiponectin and selectively increased the composition of its high molecular weight oligomeric complex.
Urea is a powerful protein denaturant via both direct and indirect mechanisms[1]. A potent emollient and keratolytic agent[2]. Used as a diuretic agent. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) has been utilized to evaluate renal function[3]. Widely used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen and is an important raw material for the chemical industry.
N-Nornuciferine is an aporphine alkaloid in lotus leaf that significantly inhibits CYP2D6 with IC50 and Ki of 3.76 and 2.34 μM, respectively.
2-(2-Methylbenzamido)acetic acid is a metabolite detected in urine.
Corosolic acid isolated from the fruit of Cratoegus pinnatifida var. psilosa, was reported to have anticancer activity.IC50 value: 26.8 μg/ml in vitroTarget:In vitro: Corosolic acid displayed about the same potent cytotoxic activity as ursolic acid against several human cancer cell lines. In addition, the compound displayed antagonistic activity against the phorbol ester-induced morphological modification of K-562 leukemic cells, indicating the suppression of protein kinase C (PKC) activity by the cytotoxic compound. The compound showed PKC inhibition with dose-dependent pattern in an in vitro PKC assay [1]. MTT method was used to detect the influence of corosolic acid on A549 lung cancer cell growth in vitro under different concentrations. The value of IC50 was 26.8 μg/ml in vitro experiment. Corosolic acid of different doses had certain therapeutic effects on A549 solid tumor, the content of VEGF and CD34 proteins also had different degrees of influence [2]. Corosolic acid induced apoptosis in CT-26 cells, mediated by the activation of caspase-3. It inhibited the proliferation and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human dermal lymphatic microvascular endothelial cells, decreased the proliferation and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells stimulated by angiopoietin-1 [3]. In vivo: A mouse colon carcinoma CT-26 animal model was employed to determine the in vivo anti-angiogenic and anti-lymphangiogenic effects of corosolic acid.
Cryptochlorogenic acid is a natural product.
Atractylenolide I is a sesquiterpene derived from the rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala, possesses diverse bioactivities, such as neuroprotective, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. Atractylenolide I reduces protein levels of phosphorylated JAK2 and STAT3 in A375 cells, and acts as a TLR4-antagonizing agent.
Indole-3-carbinol suppresses NF-κB activity and also is an Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist.
Lipoic acid ((R)-(+)-α-Lipoic acid) is an antioxidant, which is an essential cofactor of mitochondrial enzyme complexes. (R)-(+)-α-Lipoic acid is more effective than racemic Lipoic acid.
Bornyl acetate is a potent odorant, exhibiting one of the highest flavor dilution factor (FD factor).
2-Ketoglutaric acid is an intermediate compound of the Krebs cycle and is also connected to glutamic acid and glutamine metabolisms through the transamination reactions.
Yangonin exhibits affinity for the human recombinant cannabinoid CB1 receptor with an IC50 and a Ki of 1.79 ± 0.53 μM and 0.72±0.21 μM, respectively.
Oxybutynin is an anticholinergic medication used to relieve urinary and bladder difficulties.Target: mAChROxybutynin is an anticholinergic medication used to relieve urinary and bladder difficulties, including frequent urination and inability to control urination (urge incontinence), by decreasing muscle spasms of the bladder. Oxybutynin competitively antagonizes the M1, M2, and M3 subtypes of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. It also has direct spasmolytic effects on bladder smooth muscle as a calcium antagonist and local anesthetic, but at concentrations far above those used clinically. Oxybutynin is available orally in generic formulation or as the brand-names Ditropan, Lyrinel XL, or Ditrospam, as a transdermal patch under the brand name Oxytrol, and as a topical gel under the brand name Gelnique. Oxybutynin is also a possible treatment of hyperhidrosis (hyper-active sweating) [1-3].
Epiberberine chloride, a natural alkaloid, is a BACE1 inhibitor, which also exhibits inhibition activity on CYP2D6 and aldose reductase, alpha-adrenoceptors, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase, and b-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1.
Oleanolic acid (Caryophyllin) is a natural compound from plants with anti-tumor activities.
Dolastatin 10 is a potent antimitotic peptide, isolated from the marine mollusk Dolabela auricularia, that inhibits tubulin polymerization.
Fosinopril Sodium is the ester prodrug of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used for the treatment of hypertension and some types of chronic heart failure.Target: ACEFosinopril is a phosphinic acid-containing ester prodrug that belongs to the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor class of medications. It is rapidly hydrolyzed to fosinoprilat, its principle active metabolite. Fosinoprilat inhibits ACE, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I (ATI) to angiotensin II (ATII). ATII regulates blood pressure and is a key component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Fosinopril may be used to treat mild to moderate hypertension, as an adjunct in the treatment of congestive heart failure, and to slow the rate of progression of renal disease in hypertensive individuals with diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria or overt nephropathy [1-3].
Cercosporamide is a highly potent, ATP-competitive Pkc1 kinase inhibitor, with an IC50 of <50 nM and a Ki of <7 nM. Cercosporamide is a unique Mnk inhibitor.
Santacruzamate A is a potent and selective histone deacetylase inhibitor.
2-Methoxyestradiol is an angiogenesis inhibitor and apoptosis inducer with potent antineoplastic activity. 2-Methoxyestradiol also destablize microtubules.
(-)-Epicatechin inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with an IC50 of 3.2 μM. (-)-Epicatechin inhibits the IL-1β-induced expression of iNOS by blocking the nuclear localization of the p65 subunit of NF-κB.
4-O-Methyl honokiol is a natural neolignan isolated from Magnolia officinalis, acts as a PPARγ agonist, and inhibtis NF-κB activity, used for cancer and inflammation research.