Neochlorogenic acid is a natural polyphenolic compound found in dried fruits and other plants. Neochlorogenic acid inhibits the production of TNF-α and IL-1β. Neochlorogenic acid suppresses iNOS and COX-2 protein expression. Neochlorogenic acid also inhibits phosphorylated NF-κB p65 and p38 MAPK activation.
CEF4 is a peptide that corresponds to aa 342-351 of the influenza A virus nucleocapsid protein.
Dipsacoside B is a major bioactive saponin, which can be used as a marker.
Retinyl palmitate is an ester of Retinol and is the major form of vitamin A found in the epidermis. Retinyl palmitate has been widely used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations.
L-Palmitoylcarnitine is a fatty acid metabolite.
Probucol is an anti-hyperlipidemic drug by lowering the level of cholesterol in the bloodstream by increasing the rate of LDL catabolism.Target: OthersProbucol is a drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. Probucol inhibited cholesterol efflux up to 80% in J774 macrophages expressing ABCA1. probucol is an effective inhibitor of ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux without influencing scavenger receptor class B type I-mediated efflux. The inhibition of ABCA1 translocation to the plasma membrane may in part explain the reported in vivo high-density lipoprotein-lowering action of probucol [1].
Episilvestrol is a derivative of silvestrol, isolated from the fruits and twigs of Aglaia silvestris, and is a specific eIF4A-targeting translation inhibitor, with antitumor activity.
1-Methylguanosine is a methylated nucleoside.
4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid is an intermediate in the metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine.
p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a one of the major components in Dendrocalamus asper bamboo shoots, with antagonistic effect on GABAA receptor of the α1β2γ2S subtype at high concentrations.
Xanthorrhizol, isolated from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb, is a potential antibacterial agent.
Kassinin is a peptide derived from the Kassina frog. It belongs to tachykinin family of neuropeptides. It is secreted as a defense response, and is involved in neuropeptide signalling.
(S)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid is a normal human metabolite, that has been found elevated in geriatric patients remitting from depression. In humans, 3-Hydroxybutyric acid is synthesized in the liver from acetyl-CoA, and can be used as an energy source by the brain when blood glucose is low.
Xenin is a 25-amino acid peptide initially isolated from human gastric mucosa. Xenin is a gut hormone that can reduce food intake.
L-Ornithine Hydrochloride is a free amino acid that plays a central role in the urea cycle and is also important for the disposal of excess nitrogen.
4-Aminohippuric acid is a diagnostic agent, useful in medical tests involving the kidney, used in the measurement of renal plasma flow.
Brofaromine is a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor with IC50 of 0.2 μM for MAO-A.
D-Glucose 6-Phosphate is a glucose sugar phosphorylated at the hydroxy group on carbon 6.
4-Aminobenzoic acid is an intermediate in the synthesis of folate by bacteria, plants, and fungi.
D-Pantothenic acid(pantothenate) is a water-soluble vitamin and an essential nutrient for for many animals.Target: OthersPantothenic acid, also called pantothenate or vitamin B5 (a B vitamin), is a water-soluble vitamin. For many animals, pantothenic acid is an essential nutrient. Animals require pantothenic acid to synthesize coenzyme-A (CoA), as well as to synthesize and metabolize proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. From Wikipedia.
Monocrotaline is an pyrrolizidine alkaloid extracted from the seeds of the Crotalaria spectabilis plant to induce pulmonary hypertension in rodents.
Kaempferol inhibits estrogen receptor α expression in breast cancer cells and induces apoptosis in glioblastoma cells and lung cancer cells by activation of MEK-MAPK.
L-Hydroxyproline, one of the hydroxyproline (Hyp) isomers, is a useful chiral building block in the production of many pharmaceuticals.
Silibinin, an effective anti-cancer and chemopreventive agent, has been shown to exert multiple effects on cancer cells, including inhibition of both cell proliferation and migration.IC50 value:Target: anticancerin vitro: silibinin significantly induced the expression of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene-1 (NAG-1) in both p53 wild-type and p53-null cancer cell lines, suggesting that silibinin-induced NAG-1 up-regulation is p53-independent manner.Silibinin up-regulates early growth response-1 (EGR-1) expression [1]. silibinin induced cell death in human breast cancer cell lines MCF7 and MDA-MB-231. Silibinininduced cell death was attenuated by antioxidants, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and Trolox, suggesting that the effect of silibinin was dependent on generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [2]. SIL treatment resulted in a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of HCC cell viability, SIL exhibited strong antitumor activity, as evidenced not only by reductions in tumor cell adhesion, migration, intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels and total antioxidant capability (T-AOC) but also by increases in the apoptotic index, caspase3 activity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). SIL treatment decreased the expression of the Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD), RBP-Jκ, and Hes1 proteins, upregulated the apoptosis pathway-related protein Bax, and downregulated Bcl2, survivin, and cyclin D1. Notch1 siRNA (in vitro) or DAPT (a known Notch1 inhibitor, in vivo) further enhanced the antitumor activity of SIL, and recombinant Jagged1 protein (a known Notch ligand in vitro) attenuated the antitumor activity of SIL [3].in vivo: Topical application of silibinin at the dose of 9 mg/mouse effectively suppressed oxidative stress and deregulated activation of inflammatory mediators and tumorigenesis[4]. The kidney cortex of vehicle-treated control OVE26 mice displayed greater Nox4 expression and twice as much superoxide production than cortex of silybin-treated mice. The glomeruli of control OVE26 mice displayed 35% podocyte drop out that was not present in the silybin-treated mice [5].
DL-Homocystine is the double-bonded form of homocysteine and homocysteine is recognized as an important substance in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
Astragaloside II is a natural isolated from Astragalus.IC50 value:Target:In vitro:In vivo: The developed and validated method has been successfully applied to the quantification and pharmacokinetic study of AST II in rats after intravenous and oral administration of AST II. The oral absolute bioavailability (F) of AST II was calculated to be 0.79 ± 0.16% with an elimination half-life (t1/2) value of 1.92 ± 0.30 h, suggesting its poor absorption and/or strong metabolism in vivo [1].
Lappaconitine, isolated from Aconitum sinomontanum Nakai, was characterized as analgesic principle.IC50 value:Target:In vitro: In vivo: Lappaconitine was characterized as analgesic principle by our laboratory. The results suggest that lappaconitine can produce analgesia, possibly through a decrease in cellular calcium availability and PAG may be involved in the Ca2+ antagonistic effect on lappaconitine analgesia [1]. Changes in lappaconitine levels in blood, brain and spinal cord following subcutaneous (s.c.) injection were correlated with the analgesic activity at intervals up to 90 minutes after injection. The equianalgesic doses of lappaconitine (ED50 by the s.c. route and additive ED50 by the i.c.v. plus i.t. route) gave closely similar concentrations of the drug in brain and spinal cord. These results indicate that a simultaneous action of lappaconitine on supraspinal and spinal sites is likely to be important for the analgesia produced by systemically administered lappaconitine [2].
cAMP is a mitogenic messenger and promotes the G1 to S phase transition in the cell cycle.
Betulinic acid is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid, acts as a eukaryotic topoisomerase I inhibitor, with an IC50 of 5 μM, and possesses anti-HIV, anti-malarial, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties.
Butein, a plant polyphenol isolated from Rhus verniciflua, inhibit the activation of protein tyrosine kinase and EGFR. target: EGFR [1]In vitro: 1) Butein inhibited the activation of AKT, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERKs) and p38 kinases in the presence of cisplatin.[2] 2) FoxO3a and its downstream molecules play a role in the synergistic effects of butein and cisplatin.[2]3) Butein suppresses cell proliferation and enhances apoptosis in paclitaxel-resistant ovarian cancer cells.[3]4) Butein activates FOXO3a/p27kip1 pathway in ALL cell lines.[4]5) Butein inhibited not only the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated auto-phosphotyrosine level of EGF receptor in HepG2 cells but also tyrosine-specific protein kinase activities of EGF receptor (IC50= 65 μM) and p60c-src(IC50= 65 μM)In vivo: 1) Butein in combination with cisplatin suppresses tumor growth and increases FoxO3a expression.[1]