Gamabufotalin (Gamabufagin), a major bufadienolide of Chansu, has been used for cancer therapy due to its desirable metabolic stability and less adverse effect.IC50 value:Target: in vitro: Gamabufotalin (CS-6) strongly suppressed COX-2 expression by inhibiting the phosphorylation of IKKβ via targeting the ATP-binding site, thereby abrogating NF-κB binding and p300 recruitment to COX-2 promoter. In addition, CS-6 induced apoptosis by activating the cytochrome c and caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway [1]. Gamabufotalin significantly potentiated human breast cancer cells with different status of ER-alpha to apoptosis induction of TRAIL, as evidenced by enhanced Annexin V/FITC positive cells (apoptotic cells), cytoplasmic histone-associated-DNA-fragments, membrane permeability transition (MPT), caspases activation and PARP cleavage [2].in vivo: CS-6 markedly down-regulated the protein levels of COX-2 and phosphorylated p65 NF-κB in tumor tissues of the xenograft mice, and inhibited tumor weight and size [1].
Ginsenoside Rg3 is the main component of Red ginseng. Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits Na+ and hKv1.4 channel with IC50s of 32.2±4.5 and 32.6±2.2 μM, respectively. Ginsenoside Rg3 also inhibits Aβ levels, NF-κB activity, and COX-2 expression.
Gastrodin, a main constituent of a Chinese herbal medicine Tianma, has been known to display anti-inflammatory effects. Gastrodin, has long been used for treating dizziness, epilepsy, stroke and dementia.
Retinol, also known as Vitamin A1, has pleiotropic functions including vison, immunity, hematopoiesis, reproduction, cell differentiation/growth, and development.
Sphingomyelin is a type of sphingolipid found in animal cell membranes and implicates in the regulation of trans-membrane signaling.
Paraxanthine, a caffeine metabolite, provides protection against Dopaminergic cell death via stimulation of Ryanodine Receptor Channels.
Picrotoxin is a noncompetitive antagonist of GABAA receptor.
Cryptotanshinone is a natural compound extracted from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge that shows antitumor activities. Cryptotanshinone inhibits STAT3 with an IC50 of 4.6 μM.
Proparacaine Hydrochloride is a voltage-gated sodium channels antagonist with ED50 of 3.4 mM.IC50 Value: 3.4 mM(ED50) [1]Target: Sodium Channelin vitro: Proparacaine is more potent and less toxic than cocaine [1]. Proparacaine significantly increases in FHV-1 (P < 0.01), C. felis, and 28S rDNA Ct values when fusidic acid is used [2].in vivo: Proparacaine inhibits corneal epithelial migration and adhesion through alteration of the actin cytoskeleton [3]. Proparacaine acts like bupivacaine or lidocaine and produces dose-related spinal blockades of motor function, proprioception and nociception. Intrathecal proxymetacaine also produces longer sensory blockade than motor blockade [4].
Suberylglycine is an acyl glycine, which is a normally minor metabolite of fatty acid.
Reserpine hydrochloride is an inhibitor of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2).
5-Hydroxymethyluracil is a product of oxidative DNA damage. 5-Hydroxymethyluracil can be used as a potential epigenetic mark enhancing or inhibiting transcription with bacterial RNA polymerase.
DL-3-Phenyllactic acid is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial compound.
Uric acid is an endogenous antioxidant that scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) including singlet oxygen, oxygen radicals, and peroxynitrite.
Sulfapyridine(Dagenan) is a sulfonamide antibacterial.Target: AntibacterialSulfapyridine(Dagenan) is a sulfonamide antibacterial. Sulfapyridine is not prescribed for the treatment in humans any more. However, it may be used to treat Linear IgA Disease. It is a good antibacterial drug, but its water solubility is very dependent on PH. Thus, there is a risk of crystallization within the bladder or urethra, which could lead to pain or blockage. The drug sulfasalazine is structurally one molecule of mesalamine linked to one molecule of Sulfapyridine with an azo bond [1].
2-Methylsuccinic acid is a normal metabolite in human fluids and the main biochemical measurable features in ethylmalonic encephalopathy.
Phloretin(NSC 407292; RJC 02792) is a dihydrochalcone, a type of natural phenols. Phloretin inhibits the active transport of glucose into cells by SGLT1 and SGLT2.IC50 Value: 49 +/- 12 microM [4]Target: SGLT1/2in vitro: Phlorizin blocks glucose transport across the renal tubule at concentrations in renal blood and tissue in the range of 10-5 to 10-7 M [1]. PT significantly enhanced glycerol release and inhibited the adipogenesis-related transcription factors. PT also promoted phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase and increased activity of adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase in 3T3-L1 cells [2]. Phloretin induced obvious cytotoxicity against BEL-7402 cells with IC50 of 89.23 microg/mL. The growth curve demonstrated decreased growth of the cells as phloretin concentration increased [3]. D-glucose-transport activity was observed with a Km for D-glucose of 3.4 +/- 0.2 mM (mean +/- S.E.M.) and was inhibited by cytochalasin B (IC50= 0.44 +/- 0.03 microM), HgCl2 (IC50)= 3.5 +/- 0.5 microM), phloretin (IC50= 49 +/- 12 microM) and phloridzin (IC50= 355 +/- 67 microM) [4].in vivo: The effect of phloridzin orally doses 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg body weight on diabetes was tested in a streptozotocin-induced rat model of diabetes type 1. From beneficial effect of this compound is significant reduction of blood glucose levels and improve dyslipidemia in diabetic rats [5].
Substance P is a neuropeptide, acting as a neurotransmitter and as a neuromodulator.The endogenous receptor for substance P is neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1-receptor, NK1R). Sequence: Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2.
Prostaglandin E2 is a hormone-like substance that participate in a wide range of body functions such as the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle, the dilation and constriction of blood vessels, control of blood pressure, and modulation of inflammation.
Talipexole (B-HT920) is a dopamine agonist that has been proposed as an antiparkinsonian agent.Target: Dopamine ReceptorB-HT920 is a selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist. The effects of B-HT920 have been specified using the alpha-adrenergic antagonists yohimbine and prazosin and the dopamine antagonist haloperidol. Yohimbine could not antagonize any of the actions of B-HT920. Pretreatment with prazosin showed a decrease in the loss of body weight caused by B-HT920, while pretreatment with yohimbine showed that B-HT920 induced an increased loss in body weight. These data suggest that B-HT920 under certain conditions exerts dopamine-agonistic actions in stimulating locomotor activity and alpha 1-adrenergic actions in inducing salivation and enhanced loss of body weight [1]. Concomitant treatment with talipexole, an anti-parkinsonian drug, inhibited MPTP-induced autolysis and individual death in a concentration-dependent manner. Pramipexole showed a similar protective effect. In addition, post-treatment with talipexole at 1 hr after MPTP completely inhibited MPTP-induced individual death. Although MPTP treatment caused 30% of the planarians to undergo autolysis and individual death within 12 hr, post-treatment with talipexole even at 12 hr completely rescued the remaining 70% of the planarians from death. These results suggest that the MPTP-treated planarian may be useful as a novel parkinsonian model in which talipexole has a protective effect even in the case of post-treatment [2].
Digoxin is a potent inhibitor of Na+/K+-ATPase, clinically used to treat arrhythmia and heart failure.
Oleanolic acid is a triterpenoid, inhibits infection by HIV-1 in in vitro infected PBMC, naturally infected PBMC and monocyte/macrophages with EC50 of 22.7 mM, 24.6 mM and 57.4 mM, respectively. Besides,it has IC50 of 17μM for the production of leukotriene B4 from rat peritoneal leukocytes.IC50:17μM(The production of leukotriene B4 from rat peritoneal leukocytes)[1]IC50:22.7 mM, 24.6 mM and 57.4 mM(in vitro infected PBMC, naturally infected PBMC and monocyte/macrophages by HIV-1, respectively.[2]In vitro: The highest of the four tested doses (100 μM), showed only a slight inhibition approximately, 30%. In contrast, the more powerful effect of oleanonic acid in this system, suggests that it acts through a mechanism related to the inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase, either directly or interfering with some of the mechanisms that participate in the complex activation of this enzyme. Oleanonic acid also acts by reducing prostaglandin synthesis.[1]Oleanolic acid inhibits the HIV-1 replication in all the cellular systems used (EC50 values: 22.7 microM, 24.6 microM and 57.4 microM for in vitro infected PBMC, naturally infected PBMC and M/M, respectively). As regards the mechanism of action, oleanolic acid inhibits in vitro the HIV-1 protease activity.[2]In vivo: Oleanonic acid exerted no activity on the oedema induced by application of ethyl phenylpropiolate after a pre-treatment of 16 h. In the TPA ear oedema test, it showed a non-significant 28% inhibition. However, when assayed on the ear oedema induced by DPP, oleanonic acid reduced the swelling by 40%, an effect similar to that of the standard carbamazepine. In the mouse model of delayed hypersensitivity induced by dinitrofluorobenzene, oleanonic acid was ineffective at both 24 and 96 h, while oleanolic acid reduced non-significantly the oedema at 96 h by 32%.In the TPA model of chronic inflammation induced by multiple applications, oleanonic acid showed a significant effect, with 45% inhibition. In contrast, oleanolic acid was inactive. Both inhibited the neutrophil infiltration measured as myeloperoxidase activity by 84% and 67%, respectively. The inhibition observed for dexamethasone on the swelling and myeloperoxidase activity was around 90%. The histological study of ears treated only with repeated doses of TPA showed an extensive diffusive inflammatory lesion with microabscesses affecting dermis and epidermis. The main infiltrating cells in the skin were neutrophils and epithelial thickness was 6.6±1.0 cells. In the tissues treated only with the solvent acetone, epithelial thickness was 2.1±0.5 and no signs of lesion or leukocyte infiltration were detectable. The multidose treatment with oleanonic acid reduced both the intensity and extension of the damage produced by TPA, as this was localized in the dermis, where the main infiltrating cells were lymphocytes, and where fibrosis was observed. In this case, epithelium thickness was 4.4±0.7 cells. The ears treated with dexamethasone showed minimal inflammatory lesions and sometimes none at all, and the epithelium thickness was 4.3±0.7 cells.The paw oedema induced by bradykinin was significantly reduced (61%) by oleanonic acid, whereas isoprenaline had a slightly lower effect (52%). Both oleanolic and oleanonic acid also reduced the paw oedema induced by phospholipase A2; the latter showing its strongest effect at 60 min, with an 84% inhibition, and maintaining activity at 90 min. Oleanolic acid also had its maximum effect at 60 min, vanishing at 90 min, while the activity of cyproheptadine was uniform along the experiment, ranging 80–90% inhibition .[1]
Ferulic acid is a novel fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) inhibitor with IC50s of 3.78 and 12.5 μM for FGFR1 and FGFR2, respectively.
Salicin is a natural COX inhibitor.
Astilbin, a flavonoid compound, is isolated from the rhizome of Smilax glabra. Astilbin enhances NRF2 activation. Astilbin also suppresses TNF-α expression and NF-κB activation.
Phlorizin is a non-selective SGLT inhibitor with Kis of 300 and 39 nM for hSGLT1 and hSGLT2, respectively. Phlorizin is also a Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor.
Vincristine sulfate is an antitumor vinca alkaloid which inhibits microtubule formation in mitotic spindle, resulting in an arrest of dividing cells at the metaphase stage. It binds to microtubule with a Ki of 85 nM.
Guanylic acid is involved in several metabolic disorders, including the AICA-ribosiduria pathway, adenosine deaminase deficiency, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency (aprt), and the 2-hydroxyglutric aciduria pathway.
trans-Zeatin is a plant cytokinin, which plays an important role in cell growth, differentiation, and division; trans-Zeatin also inhibits UV-induced MEK/ERK activation.
Tectorigenin is a plant isoflavonoid originally isolated from the dried flower of Pueraria thomsonii Benth.