Ginsenoside Rh4 is a rare saponin obtained from Panax notoginseng. Ginsenoside Rh4 activates Bax, caspase 3, caspase 8, and caspase 9. Ginsenoside Rh4 also induces autophagy.
Eugenol is an essential oil found in cloves with antibacterial, anthelmintic and antioxidant activity. Eugenol is shown to inhibit lipid peroxidation.
Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside is a plant lignan isolated from flaxseed, an antagonist of platelet activating factor-receptor, and used as an antioxidant.
Mianserin hydrochloride is a H1 receptor inverse agonist and is a psychoactive agent of the tetracyclic antidepressant.Target: H1 receptorMianserin is a psychoactive drug of the tetracyclic antidepressant (TeCA) therapeutic family. It is classified as a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA) and has antidepressant, anxiolytic (anti-anxiety), hypnotic (sedating), antiemetic (nausea and vomiting-attenuating), orexigenic (appetite-stimulating), and antihistamine effects. It is not approved for use in the US, but its analogue, mirtazapine, is. Mianserin was the first antidepressant to reach the UK market that was less dangerous than the tricyclic antidepressants in overdose.Mianserin is an antagonist/inverse agonist of the H1, 5-HT1D, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C, 5-HT3, 5-HT6, 5-HT7, α1-adrenergic, and α2-adrenergic receptors, and also inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine. As a high affinity H1 receptor inverse agonist, mianserin has strong antihistamine effects (sedation, weight gain, etc.). Contrarily, it has negligible affinity for the mACh receptors, and thus lacks any anticholinergic properties. It was recently found to be a potent kappa opioid receptor agonist. In addition, mianserin also appears to be a potent antagonist of the neuronal octopamine receptor. What implications this may have on mood are currently unknown, however octopamine has been implicated in the regulation of sleep, appetite and insulin production and therefore may theoretically contribute to the overall side effect profile of mianserin.
Oxoadipic acid is a key metabolite of the essential amino acids tryptophan and lysine.
Galanthamine is a potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor with an IC50 of 500 nM.
Shikonin is a major component of a Chinese herbal medicine named zicao. Shikonin has shown various biological activities, including inhibition of TNF-α, NF-κB, HIV-1.
Columbamine is a quaternary isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Argemone mexicana.
Trigonelline chloride, an alkaloid with potential antidiabetic activity, is present in considerable amounts in coffee.
Macelignan(Anwuligan) is a natural compound isolated from Myristica fragrans Houtt; possesses therapeutic potentials against neurodegenerative diseases with oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.IC50 value:Target: in vitro: Macelignan significantly attenuated the ROS production and neurotoxicity induced by glutamate in HT22 cell [1]. At 24 h of biofilm growth, S. mutans, A. viscosus and S. sanguis biofilms were reduced by up to 30%, 30% and 38%, respectively, after treatment with 10 microg/mL macelignan for 5 min [2]. Cisplatin-induced phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase1/2 (JNK1/2) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) was abrogated by pretreatment with macelignan, however, that of p38 was not significantly affected [3].in vivo: Macelignan attenuated the expression of phosphorylated c-Jun in cisplatin-treated mice [3]. Daily administration of macelignan reduced the spatial memory impairments induced by the chronic LPS infusions [4].
5-Hydroxytryptophol is a mammalian serotonin metabolite, acting as a marker of acute alcohol consumption.
D-(-)-Quinic acid is a cyclohexanecarboxylic acid and is implicated in the perceived acidity of coffee.
Epoxomicin is a cell-permeable and irreversible proteasome inhibitor, primarily the chymotrypsin-like activity.
Koumine is an alkaloid separated from Gelsemium elegans, shows potent anti-tumor activity. Koumine up-regulates the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and caspase-3 expression in human breast cancer cells[1]. Koumine has anxiolytic, antistress, antipsoriatic, and analgesic activities[3], protects against the development of arthritis in Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) animal models[2].
N2-Methylguanine is a modified nucleoside. N2-Methylguanine is an endogenous methylated nucleoside found in human fluids.
Bevirimat(YK FH312; FH11327; MPC-4326) is an anti-HIV drug derived from a betulinic acid-like compound; is believed to inhibit HIV by a novel mechanism, so-called maturation inhibition.IC50 value:Target: Anti-HIVLike protease inhibitors, bevirimat and other maturation inhibitors interfere with protease processing of newly translated HIV polyprotein precursor, called gag. Bevirimat prevents this viral replication by specifically inhibiting cleavage of the capsid protein (CA) from the SP1 spacer protein.
N6-Methyladenosine is the most prevalent internal (non-cap) modification present in the messenger RNA (mRNA) of all higher eukaryotes.
Albiflorin is a major constituent contained in peony root; possesses therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative diseases.IC50 value:Target: in vitro: Albiflorin significantly ameliorated Glu-induced reduction of cell viability, nuclear and mitochondrial apoptotic alteration, reactive oxygen species accumulation, and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)/Bax ratio. Albiflorin also enhanced phosphorylation of AKT and its downstream element glycogen synthase kinase-3β, and this effect was abrogated by the AKT inhibitor LY294002 [1]. in vivo: Mice were exposed to X-ray radiation (400 Roentgen), and both mice and rabbits were intraperitoneally injected with cyclophosphamide (100.0 mg/kg) and cytarabine chloride (92.7 mg/kg), respectively, for 3 days to induce myelosuppression. Albiflorin was subsequently administrated intravenously at low (15.0 mg/kg for mice, 6.00 mg/kg for rabbits), intermediate (30.0 mg/kg for mice, 12.0 mg/kg for rabbits) and high (60.0 mg/kg for mice, 24.0 mg/kg for rabbits) doses, as well as orally (60.0 mg/kg for mice, 24.0 mg/kg for rabbits) for 7 days. Shenqi tablets were used as positive controls (oral administration of 936.0 mg/kg for mice, 336.0 mg/kg for rabbits). The administration of Albiflorin significantly ameliorated myelosuppression in all cases [2].
Astragaloside III is a natural product isolated from Astragalus.
Sucralose is an intense organochlorine artificial sweetener.
Yunaconitine(Guayewuanine B) is a highly toxic aconitum alkaloid.
Perisesaccharide B is an oligosaccharide isolated from the root barks of Periploca sepium.
Chelerythrine Chloride is a potent, cell-permeable inhibitor of protein kinase C, with an IC50 of 660 nM.
Isoacteoside is a natural compound which exhibit significant inhibition of advanced glycation end product formation with IC50 values of 4.6-25.7 μM, compared with those of aminoguanidine (IC50=1,056 μM) and quercetin (IC50=28.4 μM) as positive controls.IC50 value:Target:In the rat lens aldose reductase assay, acteoside, isoacteoside, and poliumoside exhibited greater inhibitory effects on rat lens aldose reductase with IC50 values of 0.83, 0.83, and 0.85 μM, respectively, than those of the positive controls, 3,3-tetramethyleneglutaric acid (IC50=4.03 μM) and quercetin (IC50=7.2 μM).
Hydroxyphenyllactic acid is an antifungal metabolite.
Dicoumarol is an inhibitor of both NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and PDK1 with IC50s of 0.37 and 19.42 μM, respectively.
Theaflavin is a suitable natural inhibitor against influenza A (H1N1) neuraminidase.
3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of many food products, including beer, nuts, peanut, and pulses.
1,4-Butanediamine is an indicator of pollution-induced stress in higher plants: barley and rape stressed with Cr(III) or Cr(VI). 1,4-Butanediamine is an important source of GABA.
Astragaloside IV, an active component isolated from Astragalus membranaceus, suppresses the activation of ERK1/2 and JNK, and downregulates matrix metalloproteases (MMP)-2, (MMP)-9 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.