Dabigatran etexilate(BIBR-1048) is the orally active prodrug of dabigatran; Dabigatran is a reversible and selective, direct thrombin inhibitor (DTI) with Ki value of 4.5 nM.IC50 Value: 4.5 nM (Ki); 10 nM(Thrombin-induced platelet aggregation) [1]in vitro: Dabigatran selectively and reversibly inhibited human thrombin(Ki: 4.5 nM) as well as thrombin-induced platelet aggregation (IC(50): 10 nM), while showing no inhibitory effect on other platelet-stimulating agents.Thrombin generation in platelet-poor plasma (PPP), measured as the endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) was inhibited concentration-dependently (IC(50): 0.56 microM). Dabigatran demonstrated concentration-dependent anticoagulant effects in various species in vitro, doubling the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT) and ecarin clotting time (ECT) in human PPP at concentrations of 0.23, 0.83 and 0.18 microM, respectively [1]. in vivo: Dabigatran prolonged the aPTT dose-dependently after intravenous administration in rats (0.3, 1 and 3 mg/kg) and rhesus monkeys (0.15, 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg). Dose- and time-dependent anticoagulant effects were observed with dabigatran etexilate administered orally to conscious rats (10, 20 and 50 mg/kg) or rhesus monkeys (1, 2.5 or 5 mg/kg), with maximum effects observed between 30 and 120 min after administration, respectively [1]. Patients treated with dabigatran etexilate experienced fewer ischaemic strokes (3.74 dabigatran etexilate vs 3.97 warfarin) and fewer combined intracranial haemorrhages and haemorrhagic strokes (0.43 dabigatran etexilate vs 0.99 warfarin) per 100 patient-years [2].Clinical trial: An Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Oral Dabigatran Etexilate in Hemodialysis Patients . Phase1
RXFP1 receptor agonist-6 (Example 7) is a RXFP1 receptor agonist. RXFP1 receptor agonist-6 inhibits cAMP production in HEK293 cells stably expressing human RXFP1, with an EC50 value of 12 nM[1].
Reparixin is a non-competitive allosteric inhibitor of the chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 activation with IC50s of 1 and 100 nM, respectively.
Elacridar Hcl (GF120918; GW0918) is a P-glycoprotein inhibitor, and has been used both in vitro and in vivo as a tool inhibitor of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) to investigate the role of transporters in the disposition of various test molecules.IC50 value:Target: P-glycoprotein In vitro, GF120918A demonstrated high plasma protein binding across species, although a definitive protein binding evaluation was precluded by poor recovery, particularly in buffer and in mouse, rat, and dog plasma. GF120918A did not demonstrate potent inhibition of several human cytochrome P450 enzymes evaluated in vitro, with IC(50) values well above concentrations anticipated to be achieved in vivo. Together, these data confirm the utility of GF120918A as a tool P-glycoprotein inhibitor in preclinical species and offer additional guidance on preclinical dose regimens likely to produce P-glycoprotein-mediated effects.
O4I2 is a potent Oct3/4 inducer in various human cell lines including human fibroblasts.Target: Oct3/4O4I2 activates Oct3/4 in HEK293 and embryonal NCCIT cells, and also in Oct-deficient HeLa and terminally differentiated human fibroblasts. O4I2 activates also other pluripotencyassociatedgenes such as Lin28 and Nanog in a drug-like manner. O4I2 shows high activity in enforcing Oct3/4 expression. O4I2 activates Oct3/4 on the transcriptional and translational level in human fibroblasts. O4I2 promotes the expression of pluripotency-associated genes as analyzed by qRT-PCR in human neonatal foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs). O4I2 markedly stimulates Oct3/4 even at 5 μM after 72 h treatment on the translational level.
Glucosamine (hydrochloride) is a natural product.IC50 value:Target:In vitro: Glucosamine hydrochloride exhibited dose-dependent DPPH antioxidant activity [1]. Short-term (4 h) glucosamine hydrochloride treatment inhibited HIF-1α at the protein level, decreased phosphorylation of p70S6K and S6, translation-related proteins [2]. In the obstructed kidneys and TGF-β1-treated renal cells, glucosamine hydrochloride significantly decreased renal expression of α-smooth muscle actin, collagen I, and fibronectin [3]. In vivo:
Apitegromab (SRK-015) is an anti-promyostatin monoclonal antibody. Apitegromab can be used for the research of neuromuscular disease including spinal muscular atrophy[1].
DPLG3 is a specific chymotryptic-like β5i subunits inhibitor. DPLG3 inhibits mouse i-20S with IC50 of 9.4 nM. DPLG3 can be used for immune disease research[1].
Chlorhexidine acetate hydrate is an antibacterial used as an antiseptic and for other applications. Chlorhexidine acetate hydrate is used to clean the skin after an injury, before surgery, or before an injection. Chlorhexidine acetate hydrate is also used to clean the hands before a procedure[1].
Angiotensinogen (1-14) porcine is a polypeptide, which is the N-terminal fragment of angiotensinogen, including amino acid residues 1 to 14[1].
G0507, a pyrrolopyrimidinedione compound, is a potent LolCDE ABC Transporter inhibitor. G0507 is a inhibitor of Escherichia coli growth and induces the extracytoplasmic σE stress response. G0507 acts as a chemical probe to dissect lipoprotein trafficking in Gram-negative bacteria[1].
Amifostine is a broad-spectrum cytoprotection agent against the DNA damaging effects of ionizing radiation and chemotherapy drug.
Calyculin A is a potent and cell-permeable protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibitor with IC50s of 0.5 to 1 nM.
(+)-MK 801 Maleate is a potent, selective and non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist with Kd of 37.2 nM in rat brain membranes.
AP 24149 is a potent Src-Abl dual inhibitor with IC50 values of 9.1, 3.6 nM for Src and Abl, respectively[1].
Iodochloromethane-d2 is the deuterium labeled Iodochloromethane[1].
Plonmarlimab (TJ003234) is an anti-GM-CSF monoclonal antibody. Plonmarlimab can be used for research of rheumatoid arthritis and COVID-19[1][2].
4-Hydroxyacetophenone (P-hydroxyacetophenone) is a key hepatoprotective and choleretic compound in Artemisia capillaris and A. morrisonensis, also has an anti-hepatitis B virus effect and anti-inflammatory effect[1].
N-acetyldopamine (NADA) is a catecholamine that is used by insects as sclerotizing precursors to harden their cuticle[1].
SR-31747 is a sigma ligand with immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties. SR-31747 blocks cell proliferation by inhibiting sterol isomerase[1][2].
Urocortin III, mouse is a corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-related peptide. Urocortin III preferentially binds and activates CRF-R2[1].
TP-064 is a potent, selective, and cell-active inhibitor of PRMT4 with IC50 of <10 nM and Kd of 7.1 nM, shows high selectivity (>100-fold) for PRMT4 over other PRMTs; reduces dimethylation of BAF155 (IC50=340±30 nM) and MED12 (IC50=43±10 nM) in a dose-dependent manner in cell-baed assays; inhibits the proliferation of a subset of multiple myeloma cell lines (NCI-H929, RPMI8226, Cell IC50 of 379 and 886 nM, respectively) with affected cells arrested in G1 phase of the cell cycle, but has no effect on acute myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, or lung cancer cell lines.
Absinthin is a structurally unique triterpene, and is responsible for the high bitter value of wormwood. Absinthin is an agonist of the bitter taste receptor hTAS2R46, which reduces cytosolic Ca2+-rises induced by histamine by a receptor-specific mechanism mediated by hTAS2R46[1][2][3].
Volinanserin is a potent and selective antagonist of 5-HT2 receptor, with a Ki of 0.36 nM, and shows 300-fold selectivity for 5-HT2 receptor over 5-HT1c, alpha-1 and DA D2 receptors. Volinanserin has antipsychotic activity.
Notoginsenoside Fc, a protopanaxadiol- (PPD-) type saponin isolated from the leaves of Panax notoginseng, effectively counteracts platelet aggregation. Notoginsenoside Fc can accelerate reendothelialization following vascular injury in diabetic rats by promoting autophagy[1].
BET-IN-2 is a BET inhibitor with an IC50 of 52 nM for BRD4-BD1.
ZCZ011 is a potent and brain penetrant cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor positive allosteric modulator. ZCZ011 potentiates binding of CP55,940 to the CB1 receptor, enhances anandamide (AEA)-stimulated GTPγS binding in mouse brain membranes. ZCZ011 increases β-arrestin recruitment and ERK phosphorylation in hCB1 cells. ZCZ011 can be used for researching neuropathic and inflammatory pain[1].
T807 a novel tau positron emission tomography (PET) tracer.
Disodium succinate is the disodium salt of Succinic acid. Succinic acid is an intermediate product of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, as well as one of fermentation products of anaerobic metabolism[1].
INT-767 is a dual farnesoid X receptor/TGR5 agonist with mean EC50s of 30 and 630 nM, respectively.