The diseases caused by disorders of the immune system fall into two broad categories: immunodeficiency and autoimmunity. Immunotherapy is also often used in the immunosuppressed (such as HIV patients) and people suffering from other immune deficiencies or autoimmune diseases. This includes regulating factors such as IL-2, IL-10, IFN-α. Infection with HIV is characterized not only by development of profound immunodeficiency but also by sustained inflammation and immune activation. Chronic inflammation as a critical driver of immune dysfunction, premature appearance of aging-related diseases, and immune deficiency.


Anti-infection >
Arenavirus Bacterial CMV Enterovirus Filovirus Fungal HBV HCV HIV HSV Influenza Virus Parasite Reverse Transcriptase RSV SARS-CoV
Antibody-drug Conjugate >
ADC Cytotoxin ADC Linker Drug-Linker Conjugates for ADC PROTAC-linker Conjugate for PAC
Apoptosis >
Apoptosis Bcl-2 Family c-Myc Caspase DAPK Ferroptosis IAP MDM-2/p53 PKD RIP kinase Survivin Thymidylate Synthase TNF Receptor
Autophagy >
Autophagy LRRK2 ULK Mitophagy
Cell Cycle/DNA Damage >
Antifolate APC ATM/ATR Aurora Kinase Casein Kinase CDK Checkpoint Kinase (Chk) CRISPR/Cas9 Deubiquitinase DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker DNA-PK DNA/RNA Synthesis Eukaryotic Initiation Factor (eIF) G-quadruplex Haspin Kinase HDAC HSP IRE1 Kinesin LIM Kinase (LIMK) Microtubule/Tubulin Mps1 Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog p97 PAK PARP PERK Polo-like Kinase (PLK) PPAR RAD51 ROCK Sirtuin SRPK Telomerase TOPK Topoisomerase Wee1
Cytoskeleton >
Arp2/3 Complex Dynamin Gap Junction Protein Integrin Kinesin Microtubule/Tubulin Mps1 Myosin PAK
Epigenetics >
AMPK Aurora Kinase DNA Methyltransferase Epigenetic Reader Domain HDAC Histone Acetyltransferase Histone Demethylase Histone Methyltransferase JAK MicroRNA PARP PKC Sirtuin Protein Arginine Deiminase
GPCR/G Protein >
5-HT Receptor Adenosine Receptor Adenylate Cyclase Adiponectin Receptor Adrenergic Receptor Angiotensin Receptor Bombesin Receptor Bradykinin Receptor Cannabinoid Receptor CaSR CCR CGRP Receptor Cholecystokinin Receptor CRFR CXCR Dopamine Receptor EBI2/GPR183 Endothelin Receptor GHSR Glucagon Receptor Glucocorticoid Receptor GNRH Receptor GPCR19 GPR109A GPR119 GPR120 GPR139 GPR40 GPR55 GPR84 Guanylate Cyclase Histamine Receptor Imidazoline Receptor Leukotriene Receptor LPL Receptor mAChR MCHR1 (GPR24) Melatonin Receptor mGluR Motilin Receptor Neurokinin Receptor Neuropeptide Y Receptor Neurotensin Receptor Opioid Receptor Orexin Receptor (OX Receptor) Oxytocin Receptor P2Y Receptor Prostaglandin Receptor Protease-Activated Receptor (PAR) Ras RGS Protein Sigma Receptor Somatostatin Receptor TSH Receptor Urotensin Receptor Vasopressin Receptor Melanocortin Receptor
Immunology/Inflammation >
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor CCR Complement System COX CXCR FLAP Histamine Receptor IFNAR Interleukin Related IRAK MyD88 NO Synthase NOD-like Receptor (NLR) PD-1/PD-L1 PGE synthase Salt-inducible Kinase (SIK) SPHK STING Thrombopoietin Receptor Toll-like Receptor (TLR) Arginase
JAK/STAT Signaling >
EGFR JAK Pim STAT
MAPK/ERK Pathway >
ERK JNK KLF MAP3K MAP4K MAPKAPK2 (MK2) MEK Mixed Lineage Kinase MNK p38 MAPK Raf Ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK)
Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel >
ATP Synthase BCRP Calcium Channel CFTR Chloride Channel CRAC Channel CRM1 EAAT2 GABA Receptor GlyT HCN Channel iGluR Monoamine Transporter Monocarboxylate Transporter Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger Na+/HCO3- Cotransporter Na+/K+ ATPase nAChR NKCC P-glycoprotein P2X Receptor Potassium Channel Proton Pump SGLT Sodium Channel TRP Channel URAT1
Metabolic Enzyme/Protease >
15-PGDH 5 alpha Reductase 5-Lipoxygenase Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Acyltransferase Adenosine Deaminase Adenosine Kinase Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) Aldose Reductase Aminopeptidase Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE) ATGL ATP Citrate Lyase Carbonic Anhydrase Carboxypeptidase Cathepsin CETP COMT Cytochrome P450 Dipeptidyl Peptidase Dopamine β-hydroxylase E1/E2/E3 Enzyme Elastase Enolase FAAH FABP Factor Xa Farnesyl Transferase Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) FXR Glucokinase GSNOR Gutathione S-transferase HCV Protease Hexokinase HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase HIV Integrase HIV Protease HMG-CoA Reductase (HMGCR) HSP Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH) Lactate Dehydrogenase LXR MAGL Mineralocorticoid Receptor Mitochondrial Metabolism MMP Nampt NEDD8-activating Enzyme Neprilysin PAI-1 PDHK PGC-1α Phosphatase Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Phospholipase Procollagen C Proteinase Proteasome Pyruvate Kinase RAR/RXR Renin ROR Ser/Thr Protease SGK Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD) Thrombin Tryptophan Hydroxylase Tyrosinase Xanthine Oxidase
Neuronal Signaling >
5-HT Receptor AChE Adenosine Kinase Amyloid-β Beta-secretase CaMK CGRP Receptor COMT Dopamine Receptor Dopamine Transporter FAAH GABA Receptor GlyT iGluR Imidazoline Receptor mAChR Melatonin Receptor Monoamine Oxidase nAChR Neurokinin Receptor Opioid Receptor Serotonin Transporter γ-secretase
NF-κB >
NF-κB IKK Keap1-Nrf2 MALT1
PI3K/Akt/mTOR >
Akt AMPK ATM/ATR DNA-PK GSK-3 MELK mTOR PDK-1 PI3K PI4K PIKfyve PTEN
PROTAC >
PROTAC E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate Ligand for E3 Ligase PROTAC Linker PROTAC-linker Conjugate for PAC
Protein Tyrosine Kinase/RTK >
Ack1 ALK Bcr-Abl BMX Kinase Btk c-Fms c-Kit c-Met/HGFR Discoidin Domain Receptor DYRK EGFR Ephrin Receptor FAK FGFR FLT3 IGF-1R Insulin Receptor IRAK Itk PDGFR PKA Pyk2 ROS Src Syk TAM Receptor Trk Receptor VEGFR
Stem Cell/Wnt >
Casein Kinase ERK Gli GSK-3 Hedgehog Hippo (MST) JAK Notch Oct3/4 PKA Porcupine ROCK sFRP-1 Smo STAT TGF-beta/Smad Wnt YAP β-catenin γ-secretase
TGF-beta/Smad >
TGF-beta/Smad PKC ROCK TGF-β Receptor
Vitamin D Related >
VD/VDR
Others >
Androgen Receptor Aromatase Estrogen Receptor/ERR Progesterone Receptor Thyroid Hormone Receptor Others

Icatibant acetate

Icatibant acetate (HOE-140 acetate) is a potent and specific peptide antagonist of bradykinin B2 receptor with IC50 and Ki of 1.07 nM and 0.798 nM respectively[1][2][3].

  • CAS Number: 138614-30-9
  • MF: C61H93N19O15S
  • MW: 1364.57000
  • Catalog: Bradykinin Receptor
  • Density: 1.6g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Aganirsen

Aganirsen is a 25 mer DNA antisense oligonucleotide, which silences expression of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1).

  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Indometacin

Indomethacin is a potent and nonselective inhibitor of COX1 and COX2, with IC50s of 18 nM and 26 nM for human COX-1 and COX-2, respectively, in CHO cells.

  • CAS Number: 53-86-1
  • MF: C19H16ClNO4
  • MW: 357.78800
  • Catalog: Bacterial
  • Density: 1.32g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 499.4ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 155-162 °C
  • Flash Point: 255.8ºC

IDO1-IN-18

IDO1-IN-18 (Compound 14) is a potent inhibitor of IDO1. IDO1-IN-18 has the potential for the research of cancer diseases[1].

  • CAS Number: 2328099-08-5
  • MF: C23H18F4N2O3
  • MW: 446.39
  • Catalog: Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO)
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Valeriandoid F

Valeriandoid F is an iridoid, which potently inhibits NO production with an IC50 value of 0.88 μM. Valeriandoid F has anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activities[1].

  • CAS Number: 1427162-60-4
  • MF: C23H34O9
  • MW: 454.51
  • Catalog: NO Synthase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

TLR7 agonist 15

TLR7 agonist 15 (compound 16b) is a highly potent TLR7 agonist with an EC50 of 18 nM. TLR7 agonist 15 potently induces the activation of mouse macrophages and hPBMCs at low-nanomolar concentrations[1].

  • CAS Number: 2832199-53-6
  • MF: C26H31N5O
  • MW: 429.56
  • Catalog: Toll-like Receptor (TLR)
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

PAR-4 Agonist Peptide, amide TFA

PAR-4 Agonist Peptide, amide TFA (PAR-4-AP TFA; AY-NH2 TFA) is a proteinase-activated receptor-4 (PAR-4) agonist, which has no effect on either PAR-1 or PAR-2 and whose effects are blocked by a PAR-4 antagonist[1].

  • CAS Number: 1228078-65-6
  • MF: C36H49F3N8O9
  • MW: 794.82
  • Catalog: Protease-Activated Receptor (PAR)
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Gentianine

Gentianine, an active metabolite of Swertiamarin, has anti-diabetic effect and anti-inflammatory property[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 439-89-4
  • MF: C10H9NO2
  • MW: 175.184
  • Catalog: Inflammation/Immunology
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 386.5±42.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 84-86ºC
  • Flash Point: 187.6±27.9 °C

SHR0302

SHR0302 is a potent and orally active all members of the JAK family inhibitor, particularly JAK1. The selectivity of SHR0302 for JAK1 is >10-fold for JAK2, 77-fold for JAK3, 420-fold for Tyk2. SHR0302 inhibits JAK1-STAT3 phosphorylation and induces the apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells. SHR0302 has anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 1445987-21-2
  • MF: C18H22N8O2S
  • MW: 414.48
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

SRI-41315

SRI-41315 is a small molecule that induces translational readthrough of CFTR nonsense mutations by eRF1 depletion, restores CFTR expression and function, suppresses CFTR nonsense mutations.SRI-41315 induces translational readthrough by depleting eRF1 protein level and prolonging the translational pause that occurs at premature termination codons (PTCs).SRI-41315 reduced eRF1 levels in a manner dependent upon a ubiquitin-mediated proteasome degradation pathway.SRI-41315 in combination with G418 restores CFTR function in primary bronchial epithelial cells derived from a CF patient with CFTR nonsense alleles.

  • CAS Number: 1613509-49-1
  • MF: C22H19N3O2
  • MW: 357.413
  • Catalog: CFTR
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Prifelone

Prifelone (R 830; R 830T; S 16820) is a di-tert-butylphenol with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Prifelone inhibits guinea pig lung oxygenase and bovine seminal vesicle cyclooxygenase[1].

  • CAS Number: 69425-13-4
  • MF: C19H24O2S
  • MW: 316.45800
  • Catalog: COX
  • Density: 1.095g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 422ºC at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 209ºC

Acrivastine

Acrivastine (BW825C) is a short acting histamine 1 receptor antagonist for the treatment of allergic rhinitis.

  • CAS Number: 87848-99-5
  • MF: C22H24N2O2
  • MW: 348.438
  • Catalog: Histamine Receptor
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 555.1±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 55.5-59.5 °C(lit.)
  • Flash Point: 289.5±30.1 °C

Licochalcone E

Licochalcone E, a flavonoid compound isolated from Glycyrrhiza inflate, inhibits NF-κB and AP-1 transcriptional activity through the inhibition of AKT and MAPK activation[1].

  • CAS Number: 864232-34-8
  • MF: C21H22O4
  • MW: 338.4
  • Catalog: p38 MAPK
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

beta-d-Glucan, (1->3),(1->6)-

Odetiglucan, a novel beta glucan, is a potent immunostimulant. Odetiglucan activates innate immune effector cells and triggers a coordinated anti-cancer immune response[1].

  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Baicalein 7-O-β-D-ethylglucuronide

Baicalein 7-O-β-D-ethylglucuronide is a natural flavone glycoside that can be extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Baicalein 7-O-β-D-ethylglucuronide has antioxidant activity. Baicalein 7-O-β-D-ethylglucuronide inhibits FeSO4-Cys-induced lipid peroxidation of liver homogenate. Baicalein 7-O-β-D-ethylglucuronide also shows strong cytoprotective effect on H2O2-induced oxidative damage of human umbilical vein endothelial cells[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 675624-38-1
  • MF: C23H22O11
  • MW: 474.414
  • Catalog: Cancer
  • Density: 1.6±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 755.7±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 262.5±26.4 °C

2-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-5-hydroxy-8,8-dimethyl-4H,8H-benzo[1,2-b:5,4-b']dipyran-4-one

Cudraflavone B is a prenylated flavonoid with anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. Cudraflavone B is also a dual inhibitor of COX-1 and COX-2. Cudraflavone B blocks the translocation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in macrophages. Thus, Cudraflavone B inhibits tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) gene expression and secretion. Cudraflavone B also triggers the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, activates NF-κB, the MAPK p38, and ERK, and induced the expression of SIRT1. Thus Cudraflavone B inhibits the growth of human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells[1][2].

  • CAS Number: 19275-49-1
  • MF: C25H24O6
  • MW: 420.45
  • Catalog: Sirtuin
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

olodaterol hydrochloride

Olodaterol (BI1744) hydrochloride is a selective, long acting β2-adrenoceptor (β2-AR) agonist (EC50=0.1 nM and pKi= 9.14 for human β2-adrenoceptor, respectively). Olodaterol can be used for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pulmonary fibrosis[1][2][3].

  • CAS Number: 869477-96-3
  • MF: C21H27ClN2O5
  • MW: 422.90200
  • Catalog: Adrenergic Receptor
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Racotumomab

Racotumomab (Anti-Human NGcGM3 Recombinant Antibody) is an anti-idiotype monoclonal antibody (MAb). Racotumomab reacts to Neu-glycolyl (NeuGc)-containing gangliosides, sulfatides, and other antigens expressed in tumors. Racotumomab is an active anticancer agent for lung cancer[1][2][3].

  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

MRT67307 hydrochloride

MRT67307 hydrochloride is a dual inhibitor of the IKKε and TBK-1 with IC50s of 160 and 19 nM, respectively[1]. MRT67307 hydrochloride also inhibits ULK1 and ULK2 with IC50s of 45 and 38 nM, respectively. MRT67307 hydrochloride also blocks autophagy in cells[2].

  • CAS Number: 2095432-39-4
  • MF: C26H37ClN6O2
  • MW: 501.06
  • Catalog: Autophagy
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

SMS2-IN-2

SMS2-IN-2 is a potent, highly selective and orally active sphingomyelin synthase 2 (SMS2) inhibitor, with IC50s of 100 nM and 56 μM for SMS2 and SMS1, respectively. Anti-chronic inflammatory activity[1].

  • CAS Number: 2241838-28-6
  • MF: C19H13ClFN3O2
  • MW: 369.78
  • Catalog: Inflammation/Immunology
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Osilodrostat

Osilodrostat (LCI699) is a potent inhibitor of human 11β-hydroxylase and aldosterone synthase with IC50 values of 2.5 and 0.7 nM, respectively.

  • CAS Number: 928134-65-0
  • MF: C13H10FN3
  • MW: 227.237
  • Catalog: Mineralocorticoid Receptor
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 433.8±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 216.2±28.7 °C

beta-D-glucopyranosyl (2alpha,3beta,4beta,19alpha)-2,3,19,23-tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-28-oate

Sericoside is a triterpenoid with anti-inflammatory activity, can be isolated form Terminalia. Sericoside has a strong lipolytic activity. Sericoside can also reduce skin wrinkles and ameliorating skin texture[1][2][3].

  • CAS Number: 55306-04-2
  • MF: C36H58O11
  • MW: 666.839
  • Catalog: Inflammation/Immunology
  • Density: 1.4±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 775.0±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 234.7±26.4 °C

Nivalenol

Nivalenol, classified as type B trichotecenes toxins produced by Fusarium graminearum, is a fungal metabolite present in agricultural product[1]. Nivalenol induces cell death through caspase-dependent mechanisms and via the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Nivalenol affects the immune system, causes emesis, growth retardation, reproductive disorders and has a haematotoxic/myelotoxic effect[2].

  • CAS Number: 23282-20-4
  • MF: C15H20O7
  • MW: 312.315
  • Catalog: Apoptosis
  • Density: 1.6±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 585.1±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: 222-223ºC
  • Flash Point: 221.9±23.6 °C

CB2R/FAAH modulator-3

CB2R/FAAH modulator-3 (compound 27) is a dual targeting modulator that acts as a CB2R agonist and FAAH inhibitor. The Ki values for CB2R/FAAH modulator-3 are 20.1 and 67.6 nM for CB2R and CB1R, respectively, and the IC50 value for FAAH is 3.4 μM. CB2R/FAAH modulator-3 can be used in studies related to cancer, deleterious inflammatory cascades occurring in neurodegenerative diseases, and COVID-19 infection[1].

  • CAS Number: 2876918-67-9
  • MF: C22H31NO2
  • MW: 341.49
  • Catalog: Cannabinoid Receptor
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

IL-17 modulator 8

IL-17 modulator 8 (compound 286) is an orally active modulator of IL-17. IL-17 modulator 8 significantly reduces IL-6, IFN-γ, and edema. IL-17 modulator 8 can used in study arthritis[1].

  • CAS Number: 1608097-49-9
  • MF: C38H43ClF2N4O4
  • MW: 693.22
  • Catalog: Interleukin Related
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Lipid M

Lipid M (pKa: 6.75) can be used to deliver mRNA vaccine and yield a robust immune response with improved tolerability[1].

  • CAS Number: 2089251-57-8
  • MF: C44H87NO5
  • MW: 710.17
  • Catalog: Inflammation/Immunology
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

P2X3 antagonist 34

P2X3 antagonist 34 is a potent, selective and orally active P2X3 homotrimeric receptor antagonist with IC50s of 25 nM, 92 nM and 126 nM for human P2X3, rat P2X3 and guinea pig P2X3 receptors, respectively. P2X3 antagonist 34 is less active against human, rat and guinea pig P2X2/3 heterotrimeric receptors. P2X3 antagonist 34 has strong anti-tussive effect[1].

  • CAS Number: 2417288-67-4
  • MF: C24H26F2N4O3
  • MW: 456.49
  • Catalog: P2X Receptor
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Curcumenol

Curcumenol is one of constituents in the plants of medicinally important genus of Curcuma[1].

  • CAS Number: 19431-84-6
  • MF: C15H22O2
  • MW: 234.33
  • Catalog: Cytochrome P450
  • Density: 1.1±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 349.3±42.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 146.7±22.1 °C

Curindolizine

Curindolizine, indolizine alkaloid , displays an anti-inflammatory action in lipopolyssacharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages with an IC50 value of 5.31 μM[1].

  • CAS Number: 1899935-44-4
  • MF: C30H35N3O2
  • MW: 469.62
  • Catalog: Inflammation/Immunology
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Anti-inflammatory agent 20

Anti-inflammatory agent 20 (compound 5a) is a potent inhibitor of NO activity. Anti-inflammatory agent 20 shows anti-inflammatory activity. Anti-inflammatory agent 20 suppresses LPS-induced inflammation via inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling and thereby reducing IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS, and COX-2 upregulation[1].

  • CAS Number: 2127403-65-8
  • MF: C39H66N2O8
  • MW: 690.95
  • Catalog: COX
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A