Enoximone is an inotropic vasodilating agent and a selective and orally active phosphodiesterase III (PDE3) inhibitor with an IC50 of 5.9 μM. Enoximone induces vasodilatation and increases intracellular levels of cAMP by inhibiting cGMP-inhibited PDE. Enoximone also exhibits PDE4 inhibitory effect with an IC50 of 21.1 μM for myocardial PDE4A. Enoximone has the potential for congestive heart failure research and has bronchodilatory, antiasthma and anti-inflammatory effects[1][2][3].
Hemin is an iron-containing porphyrin. Hemin is an Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 inducer.
Bunitrolol is a beta-adrenergic antagonist. Bunitrolol has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. Bunitrolol can be used for the research of ischemic myocardium[1].
LUF6000 is an allosteric modulator of the human A3 adenosine receptor (AR). IC50 value: Target: A3 adenosine receptor LUF6000 was found to be an allosteric enhancer of Emax of structurally diverse agonists at the A3 AR, being more effective for low-Emax agonists than for high-Emax agonists. LUF6000 exerted an Emax-enhancing effect at a concentration of 0.1 microM or higher, and was shown to increase the Emax of Cl-IB-MECA and other low-efficacy agonists to a larger extent than that of the high-efficacy agonist NECA. Interestingly, LUF6000 converted a nucleoside A3 AR antagonist MRS542, but not a non-nucleoside antagonist MRS1220, into an agonist.
Ac-DArg-c[Cys-Glu-His-DPhe-Arg-Trp-Cys]-NH 2 is a cyclic octapeptide with MC4R agonism. Ac-DArg-c[Cys-Glu-His-DPhe-Arg-Trp-Cys]-NH 2 significantly increases heart rate and blood pressure[1].
KR-39038 is an orally active and potent GRK5 (G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 0.02 μM. KR-39038 significantly inhibits angiotensin II-induced cellular hypertrophy through suppression of HDAC5 pathway in neonatal cardiomyocytes. KR-39038 shows profound anti-hypertrophic effects and improved cardiac function. KR-39038 can be used for heart failure research[1].
Dendroaspis Natriuretic Peptide is a vasodilator peptide that can be isolated from animal venom[1].
Dobutamine tartrate is a synthetic catecholamine that acts on α1-AR, β1-AR, β2-AR (α-1, β-1 andβ-2 adrenoceptors). Dobutamine tartrate is a selective β1-AR agonist, relatively weak activity at α1-AR and β2-AR. Dobutamine tartrate can increase cardiac output and correct hypoperfusion[1][2][3][4].
Euphorbia Factor L1 is a diterpenoid from Euphorbia lathyris L., reduces the expression of Bcl-2, PI3K, AKT and mTOR protein and mRNA, upregulates cleaved caspase-9 and caspase-3 levels, buts shows no effect on pro-caspase-9 and pro-caspase-3. Euphorbia Factor L1 induces apoptosis, has anticancer, antiadipogenesis, antiosteoclastogenesis and multidrug resistance-modulating effect[1].
Rovelizumab is a humanized monoclonal leukointegrin antibody. Rovelizumab is a monoclonal antibody directed against the CD11/CD18 cell adhesion proteins. Rovelizumab can be used for research of multiple sclerosis (MS), hemorrhagic shock, myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke[1].
SM-6586 is a calcium channel antagonist and inhibitor of Na+/H+ and Na+/Ca2+ exchange transport, potentially for the treatment of cerebrovasular diseases and hypertension.
Butofilolol is a potent β-blocking agent used in the research of hypertension[1].
Cassyfiline (Cassythine) is an aporphine alkaloid. Cassyfiline has potent vasorelaxing effects on precontracted rat aortic preparations with an IC50 of 0.09 μM[1].
8-Bromo-AMP (8-Bromoadenosine 5'-monophosphate) is a membrane permeable cAMP analogue. 8-Bromo-AMP can improve the ability of the heart to recover from ischemia and reperfusion by increasing the levels of ATP, ADP, and total adenine nucleotides[1][2].
Vicagrel, an acetate derivative of Clopidogrel, is a P2Y12 platelet inhibitor potentially for the treatment of thrombosis, the substrate of carboxylesterase 2 (CES2)[1]. Vicagrel demonstrates a favorable safety profile and excellent anti-platelet activity, which could be an anti-platelet drug and for the unmet medical needs of cardiovascular diseases[2].
Vorapaxar is a protease-activated receptor (PAR-1) antagonist that inhibits thrombin-induced platelet activation.
Olmesartan lactone impurity is a cyclic ester impurity of Olmesartan. Olmesartan is an angiotensin II receptor (AT1R) antagonist and has the potential for high blood pressure study[1][2].
Moveltipril is a potent angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor[1].
Chlorothiazide is a diuretic and antihypertensive. (IC50=3.8 mM)Target: OthersChlorothiazide sodium (Diuril) is a diuretic used within the hospital setting or for personal use to manage excess fluid associated with congestive heart failure. It is also used as an antihypertensive. Most often taken in pill form, it is usually taken orally once or twice a day. In the ICU setting, chlorothiazide is given to diurese a patient in addition to furosemide (Lasix). Working in a separate mechanism than furosemide, and absorbed enterically as a reconstituted suspension administered through a nasogastric tube (NG tube), the two drugs potentiate one another.
MRS2578 is a potent P2Y6 receptor antagonist with IC50 of 37 nM, exhibits insignificant activity at P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4,and P2Y11 receptors.IC50 value: 37 nM [1]Target: P2Y6 receptorin vitro: MRS2578 selectively blocks P2Y6 receptor activity versus activity at P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4 or P2Y11 receptors. MRS2578 (1 μM) completely blocks the protection by UDP undergoing TNFalpha-induced apoptosis in 1321N1 astrocytoma cells [1]. MRS 2578 inhibits basal NF-κB activity in time and dose dependent manner in HMEC-1 cells transfected with 0.25 μg NF-κB promoter reporter. MRS 2578 (10 μM) completely abolishes TNF-α induced NF-κB reporter activity in HMEC-1 cells. MRS 2578 (10 μM) significant reduces TNF-α–induced proinflammatory gene expression in HMEC-1 cells [2]. MRS2578-treated mice shows reduced bronchial hyperresponsiveness toward methacholine in OVA-sensitized mice. MRS2578 completely blocks UDP-induced the release of IL-6, KC, and IL-8 in lung epithelial cells [3]. in vivo: MRS 2578 (10 μM) attenuates Keratinocyte-derived chemokine serum protein levels in LPS-induced vascular inflammation in C57BL/6 mice [2]. MRS2578 (10 μM, intratracheally) reduces BALF eosinophilia and the levels of IL-5 and IL-13 in the BALF in OVA-sensitized mice and leads to a markedly attenuated change in methacholine responsiveness after OVA challenge. MRS2578 (10 μM, intratracheally) inhibits house dust mite–induced allergic airway inflammation in OVA-sensitized mice. MRS2578 (10 μM, intratracheally) reduces of IL-6 and KC levels in BALF in OVA-sensitized mice [4].
Terutroban is a thromboxane-prostaglandin receptor antagonist.
Istaroxime is a potent inhibitor of Na+,K+-ATPase with IC50 of 0.11 μM.
Emprumapimod is a potent, orally bioavailable and selective inhibitor of p38α MAPK directly inhibits LPS-induced IL-6 production from RPMI-8226 cell (IC50=100 pM). Emprumapimod can be used for the research of dilated cardiomyopathy and acute inflammatory pain[1][2].
Tonapofylline (BG 9928) is an orally active and selective adenosine A1 receptor antagonist with a Ki of 7.4 nM for human adenosine A1 receptor (hA1), which displays 915-fold selectivity versus human adenosine A2A receptor and 12-fold selectivity versus human adenosine A2B receptor and is used in development for the treatment of heart failure[1][2].
(±)13(14)-EpDPA (13,14-EpDPE) is the product of the reaction of cytochrome P-450 epoxygenase with Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA).(±)13(14)-EpDPA has antihyperalgesic and vasorelaxative activities[1].
Protoveratrine A (NSC 7526; Protalba; Protoveratrin) is an alkaloid with strong cardiostimulant and vasoconstrictive effects, which can be used in the study of hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases[1].
Stachydrine hydrochloride is the major active constituent of Herba Leonuri, which is a potential therapy for cardiovascular diseases[2]. Stachydrine can inhibit the NF-κB signal pathway. Anti-hypertrophic activities[1].
Urea is a powerful protein denaturant via both direct and indirect mechanisms[1]. A potent emollient and keratolytic agent[2]. Used as a diuretic agent. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) has been utilized to evaluate renal function[3]. Widely used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen and is an important raw material for the chemical industry.
N-Nornuciferine is an aporphine alkaloid in lotus leaf that significantly inhibits CYP2D6 with IC50 and Ki of 3.76 and 2.34 μM, respectively.
α-Thevetin B（Compound 24） is a cardiac glycoside that can be isolated from Thevetia peruviana. α-Thevetin B（Compound 24） can be used in lung cancer, gastric cancer and pancreatic cancer research[1].