Stem cells are required for continuous tissue maintenance within diverse organs, stem cell activity is often externally dictated by the microenvironment (the niche) so that stem cell output is precisely shaped to meet homeostatic needs or regenerative demands. Several key signaling pathways have been shown to play essential roles in this regulatory capacity. Specifically, the JAK/STAT, Hedgehog, Wnt, Notch, Smad, PI3K/phosphatase and tensin homolog, and NK-κB signaling pathways have all been shown experimentally to mediate various stem cell properties, such as self-renewal, cell fate decisions, survival, proliferation, and differentiation.

Recent studies mainly focus on cancer stem cell, induced pluripotent stem cell, neural stem cell and maintenance of embryonic stem cell pluripotency. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been believed to be responsible for tumor initiation, growth, and recurrence. Numerous agents have been developed to specifically target CSCs by suppressing the expression of pluripotency maintaining factors Nanog, Oct-4, Sox-2, and c-Myc and transcription of GLI. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the capacity to differentiate into various types of cells, and a self-renewing resource, and scientists can experiment with an unlimited number of pluripotent cells to perfect the process of targeted differentiation, transplantation, and more, for personalized medicine. Novel pathological mechanisms have been elucidated, new drugs originating from iPSC screens are in the pipeline and the first clinical trial using human iPSC-derived products has been initiated.

References:
[1] Clevers H, et al. Science. 2014 Oct 3;346(6205):1248012.
[2] Matsui WH. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 Sep;95(1 Suppl 1):S8-S19.
[3] Koury J, et al. Stem Cells Int. 2017;2017:2925869.
[4] Garg A, et al. Cells. 2017 Feb 2;6(1). doi: 10.3390/cells6010004.


Anti-infection >
Arenavirus Bacterial CMV Enterovirus Filovirus Fungal HBV HCV HIV HSV Influenza Virus Parasite Reverse Transcriptase RSV SARS-CoV
Antibody-drug Conjugate >
ADC Cytotoxin ADC Linker Drug-Linker Conjugates for ADC PROTAC-linker Conjugate for PAC
Apoptosis >
Apoptosis Bcl-2 Family c-Myc Caspase DAPK Ferroptosis IAP MDM-2/p53 PKD RIP kinase Survivin Thymidylate Synthase TNF Receptor
Autophagy >
Autophagy LRRK2 ULK Mitophagy
Cell Cycle/DNA Damage >
Antifolate APC ATM/ATR Aurora Kinase Casein Kinase CDK Checkpoint Kinase (Chk) CRISPR/Cas9 Deubiquitinase DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker DNA-PK DNA/RNA Synthesis Eukaryotic Initiation Factor (eIF) G-quadruplex Haspin Kinase HDAC HSP IRE1 Kinesin LIM Kinase (LIMK) Microtubule/Tubulin Mps1 Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog p97 PAK PARP PERK Polo-like Kinase (PLK) PPAR RAD51 ROCK Sirtuin SRPK Telomerase TOPK Topoisomerase Wee1
Cytoskeleton >
Arp2/3 Complex Dynamin Gap Junction Protein Integrin Kinesin Microtubule/Tubulin Mps1 Myosin PAK
Epigenetics >
AMPK Aurora Kinase DNA Methyltransferase Epigenetic Reader Domain HDAC Histone Acetyltransferase Histone Demethylase Histone Methyltransferase JAK MicroRNA PARP PKC Sirtuin Protein Arginine Deiminase
GPCR/G Protein >
5-HT Receptor Adenosine Receptor Adenylate Cyclase Adiponectin Receptor Adrenergic Receptor Angiotensin Receptor Bombesin Receptor Bradykinin Receptor Cannabinoid Receptor CaSR CCR CGRP Receptor Cholecystokinin Receptor CRFR CXCR Dopamine Receptor EBI2/GPR183 Endothelin Receptor GHSR Glucagon Receptor Glucocorticoid Receptor GNRH Receptor GPCR19 GPR109A GPR119 GPR120 GPR139 GPR40 GPR55 GPR84 Guanylate Cyclase Histamine Receptor Imidazoline Receptor Leukotriene Receptor LPL Receptor mAChR MCHR1 (GPR24) Melatonin Receptor mGluR Motilin Receptor Neurokinin Receptor Neuropeptide Y Receptor Neurotensin Receptor Opioid Receptor Orexin Receptor (OX Receptor) Oxytocin Receptor P2Y Receptor Prostaglandin Receptor Protease-Activated Receptor (PAR) Ras RGS Protein Sigma Receptor Somatostatin Receptor TSH Receptor Urotensin Receptor Vasopressin Receptor Melanocortin Receptor
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JAK/STAT Signaling >
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ERK JNK KLF MAP3K MAP4K MAPKAPK2 (MK2) MEK Mixed Lineage Kinase MNK p38 MAPK Raf Ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK)
Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel >
ATP Synthase BCRP Calcium Channel CFTR Chloride Channel CRAC Channel CRM1 EAAT2 GABA Receptor GlyT HCN Channel iGluR Monoamine Transporter Monocarboxylate Transporter Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger Na+/HCO3- Cotransporter Na+/K+ ATPase nAChR NKCC P-glycoprotein P2X Receptor Potassium Channel Proton Pump SGLT Sodium Channel TRP Channel URAT1
Metabolic Enzyme/Protease >
15-PGDH 5 alpha Reductase 5-Lipoxygenase Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Acyltransferase Adenosine Deaminase Adenosine Kinase Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) Aldose Reductase Aminopeptidase Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE) ATGL ATP Citrate Lyase Carbonic Anhydrase Carboxypeptidase Cathepsin CETP COMT Cytochrome P450 Dipeptidyl Peptidase Dopamine β-hydroxylase E1/E2/E3 Enzyme Elastase Enolase FAAH FABP Factor Xa Farnesyl Transferase Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) FXR Glucokinase GSNOR Gutathione S-transferase HCV Protease Hexokinase HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase HIV Integrase HIV Protease HMG-CoA Reductase (HMGCR) HSP Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH) Lactate Dehydrogenase LXR MAGL Mineralocorticoid Receptor Mitochondrial Metabolism MMP Nampt NEDD8-activating Enzyme Neprilysin PAI-1 PDHK PGC-1α Phosphatase Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Phospholipase Procollagen C Proteinase Proteasome Pyruvate Kinase RAR/RXR Renin ROR Ser/Thr Protease SGK Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD) Thrombin Tryptophan Hydroxylase Tyrosinase Xanthine Oxidase
Neuronal Signaling >
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NF-κB >
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PI3K/Akt/mTOR >
Akt AMPK ATM/ATR DNA-PK GSK-3 MELK mTOR PDK-1 PI3K PI4K PIKfyve PTEN
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Casein Kinase ERK Gli GSK-3 Hedgehog Hippo (MST) JAK Notch Oct3/4 PKA Porcupine ROCK sFRP-1 Smo STAT TGF-beta/Smad Wnt YAP β-catenin γ-secretase
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AR-A014418

AR-A014418 is a potent, selective and ATP-competitive GSK3β inhibitor with an IC50 of 104 nM。

  • CAS Number: 487021-52-3
  • MF: C12H12N4O4S
  • MW: 308.313
  • Catalog: GSK-3
  • Density: 1.5±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: 208-210?C (dec.)
  • Flash Point: N/A

Tofacitinib (CP-690550) Citrate

Tofacitinib citrate is a JAK1/2/3 inhibitor with IC50s of 1, 20, and 112 nM, respectively.

  • CAS Number: 540737-29-9
  • MF: C22H28N6O8
  • MW: 504.493
  • Catalog: JAK
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

HLY78

HLY78 is an activator of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which targets the DIX domain of Axin and potentiates the Axin-LRP6 association to promote Wnt signaling transduction[1].

  • CAS Number: 854847-61-3
  • MF: C17H17NO2
  • MW: 267.32200
  • Catalog: Wnt
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

AT7867

AT7867 is a potent ATP-competitive inhibitor of Akt1/Akt2/Akt3 and p70S6K/PKA with IC50s of 32 nM/17 nM/47 nM and 85 nM/20 nM, respectively.

  • CAS Number: 857531-00-1
  • MF: C20H20ClN3
  • MW: 337.846
  • Catalog: Ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK)
  • Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 530.2±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 274.5±30.1 °C

PF-5274857

PF-5274857 is a potent and selective Smoothened (Smo) antagonist, inhibits Hedgehog (Hh) signaling with IC50 and Ki of 5.8 nM and 4.6 nM, respectively, and can penetrate the blood–brain barrier.IC50 value: 5.8 nMTarget: Smoothenedin vitro: PF-5274857 completely inhibits Shh-induced Hh pathway activity with IC50 of 2.7 nM measured by the transcriptional activity of Smo downstream gene Gli1 in MEF cells. The μ-opioid receptor is weakly inhibited by PF-5274857 with a dissociation constant of 36 μM subsequently determined in a functional assay [1].in vivo: PF-5274857 shows significant dose-dependent tumor growth inhibition (TGI) and induces tumor regression at high doses(>10 mg/kg)., PF-5274857 downregulates Gli1, Gli2, Ptch1, and Ptch2 gene expression levels to various degrees with maximal effects being achieved between 6 and 12 hours post-dose (Gli1 is the most sensitive gene), whereas PF-5274857 has little effect on Smo levels. In skin tissue, downregulation of Gli1 and Gli2 is also observed with a similar time course by PF-5274857. The model-derived drug concentration for half maximal inhibition of the tumor Gli1 mRNA production rate (IC50) by PF-5274857 is determined to be 8.9 nM in the Ptch+/?p53+/? medulloblastoma allograft mice, which mathematically corresponds to tumor regression of 119% TGI after 6 days of plasma exposure at this concentration. In the Ptch+/?p53?/? medulloblastoma allograft mice, the IC50 value is estimated to be 3.5 nM, consistent with the Ptch+/?p53+/? results. PF-5274857 is also able to cross the blood–brain barrier in rats within 4 hours post-dose [1].

  • CAS Number: 1373615-35-0
  • MF: C20H25ClN4O3S
  • MW: 436.956
  • Catalog: Smo
  • Density: 1.3±0.1 g/cm3
  • Boiling Point: 686.0±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: 368.7±31.5 °C

Dynarrestin

Dynarrestin is a aminothiazole inhibitor of cytoplasmic dyneins 1 and 2. Dynarrestin rapidly and reversibly inhibits dynein 1-driven microtubule gliding in vitro plus a range of dynein 1- and 2-dependent processes in cells without affecting ATP hydrolysis and interfering with ciliogenesis. Dynarrestin suppresses hedgehog (Hh)-dependent proliferation of neuronal precursors and tumor cells[1].

  • CAS Number: 2222768-84-3
  • MF: C22H23F2N3O2S
  • MW: 431.50
  • Catalog: Hedgehog
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

ZINC00881524

ZINC00881524 is a ROCK inhibitor.

  • CAS Number: 557782-81-7
  • MF: C21H20N2O3S
  • MW: 380.46
  • Catalog: ROCK
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

ALV1

ALV1 is a potent Ikaros and Helios degrader. ALV1 potently reduces the protein abundance of IKZF1-4, CK1α (casein kinase 1α, CSNK1A1) and ribosomal protein RPL4. ALV1 shows similar degradation activity towards IKZF1/2/3. ALV1 induced Helios/CRBN dimerization. ALV1 promoted IL-2 secretion to a great extent[1].

  • CAS Number: 2438124-79-7
  • MF: C25H23ClN4O5
  • MW: 494.93
  • Catalog: Casein Kinase
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Fasudil Hydrochloride Hydrate

Fasudil (HA-1077; AT877) hydrochloride semihydrate is a nonspecific RhoA/ROCK inhibitor and also has inhibitory effect on protein kinases, with an Ki of 0.33 μM for ROCK1, IC50s of 0.158 μM and 4.58 μM, 12.30 μM, 1.650 μM for ROCK2 and PKA, PKC, PKG, respectively. Fasudil hydrochloride semihydrate is also a potent Ca2+ channel antagonist and vasodilator[1][2][3].

  • CAS Number: 186694-02-0
  • MF: C28H38Cl2N6O5S2
  • MW: 673.67500
  • Catalog: HIV
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A

Sp-cAMPS

Sp-cAMPS, a cAMP analog, is potent activator of cAMP-dependent PKA I 和 PKA II. Sp-cAMPS is also a potent, competitive phosphodiesterase (PDE3A) inhibitor with a Ki of 47.6 µM. Sp-cAMPS binds the PDE10 GAF domain with an EC50 of 40 μM[1][2][3].

  • CAS Number: 71774-13-5
  • MF: C10H12N5O5PS
  • MW: 345.27200
  • Catalog: Phosphodiesterase (PDE)
  • Density: N/A
  • Boiling Point: N/A
  • Melting Point: N/A
  • Flash Point: N/A