UNC9995 is a β-arrestin2-biased agonist of dopamine receptor Drd2. UNC9995 inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation by enhancing β-arrestin2-NLRP3 interaction, thus prevents neuronal degeneration. Futhermore, UNC9995 activates the Drd2/β-arrestin2 signaling to prevent inflammation-related genes transcription-induced by JAK/STAT3. UNC9995 improves depressive behavior in mouse model, and improves astrocytes dysfunctions[1].
Blonanserin dihydrochloride is a potent and orally active 5-HT2A and dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, with Ki values of 0.812 and 0.142 nM, respectively. Blonanserin dihydrochloride is usually acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent, and can be used for the research of extrapyramidal symptoms, excessive sedation, or hypotension[1][2].
Alizapride is a potent antiemetic, acting as a dopamine receptor antagonist. Alizapride also used in human digestive disorders[1][3].
Naxagolide ((+)-PHNO; Dopazinol) is a potent dopamine D2 (Dopamine Receptor) agonist. Naxagolide has the potential for the research of parkinson's disease (PD)[1][2].
Tiapride, an atypical neuroleptic agent, is a selective dopamine D2-receptor antagonist with little propensity for causing catalepsy and sedation. The IC50 values of Tiapride are 1440, 45.8, >100, and 11.7 μM for D1; D2; D3; D4, respectively[1].
Molindone-d8 is the deuterium labeled Molindone. Molindone hydrochloride (EN-1733A) is a therapeutic antipsychotic, used in the treatment of schizophrenia, works by blocking the effects of dopamine in the brain, leading to diminished psychoses[1][2].
UNC9994, an analog of Aripiprazole, is a functionally selective β-arrestin-biased dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) agonist with EC50 <10 nM for β-arrestin-2 recruitment to D2 receptors. UNC9994 is simultaneously partial agonists of β-arrestin-2 translocation and antagonists of Gi-regulated cAMP production. Antipsychotic Activity[1].
Trifluoperazine Dihydrochloride is a potent dopamine D2 receptor inhibitor used as an antipsychotic and an antiemetic.Target: Dopamine D2 ReceptorTrifluoperazine Dihydrochloride is a potent dopamine D2 receptor inhibitor used as an antipsychotic and an antiemetic. Trifluoperazine inhibited in a dose-dependent manner the stimulation of glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and ureogenesis due to alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation in rat hepatocytes. Trifluoperazine is much more potent at alpha 1- than at alpha 2-adrenergic receptors [1]. Trifluoperazine was not clearly different in terms of 'no substantial improvement' (n=1016, 27 RCTs, RR 1.06 CI 0.98 to 1.14) or leaving the study early (n=930, 22 RCTs, RR 1.15 CI 0.83 to 1.58). Almost identical numbers of people reported at least one adverse event (60%) in each group (n=585, 14 RCTs, RR 0.99 CI 0.87 to 1.13), although trifluoperazine was more likely to cause extrapyramidal adverse effects overall when compared to low potency antipsychotics such as chlorpromazine (n=130, 3 RCTs, RR 1.66 CI 1.03 to 2.67, NNH 6 CI 3 to 121). One small study (n=38) found no clear differences between trifluoperazine and the atypical drug, sulpiride [2].
PF2562 (Example 6), a dopamine D1 ligand, ascts as a dopamine D1 agonist or partial agonist. PF2562 binds to human D1 receptor with a Ki of 113 nM. PF2562 exhibits activity against human D1 cAMP with an EC50 of 568 nM in HTRF assay[1].
Sarizotan (EMD 128130) is an orally active serotonin 5-HT1A receptor and dopamine receptor agonist. Sarizotan (EMD 128130) exhibits IC50 values of 6.5 nM (rat 5-HT1A), 0.1 nM (human 5-HT1A), 15.1 nM (rat D2), 17 nM (human D2), 6.8 nM (human D3) and 2.4 nM (human D4.2), respectively[1].
Ecopipam (SCH 39166) is a potent, selective and orally active antagonist of dopamine D1/D5 receptor, with Kis of 1.2 nM and 2.0 nM, respectively. Ecopipam shows more than 40-flod selectivity over D2, D4, 5-HT, and α2a receptor (Ki=0.98, 5.52, 0.08, and 0.73 μM, respectively). Ecopipam can be used for the research of schizophrenia, cocaine addition, and obesity[1][3].
Sonepiprazole (PNU-101387G) is a selective D4 dopamine antagonist with Kis of 3.6, 10.1, 5147, and 7430 nM for rD4-Dopamine, hD4.2-Dopamine, rD2-Dopamine, and Histamine-H1 receptors, respectively[1].
Tiapride hydrochloride is a drug that selectively blocks D2 and D3 dopamine receptors in the brain. It is used to treat a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders including dyskinesia, alcohol withdrawal syndrome.
Zuclopenthixol ((Z)-Clopenthixol) dihydrochloride is a thioxanthene derivative which acts as a mixed dopamine D1/D2 receptor antagonist. Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride is used in the study of schizophrenia[1][2][3].
Foscarbidopa (Carbidopa 4′-monophosphate) is a prodrug of Carbidopa, acts as a dopamine receptor agonist[1][2].
Fenoldopam-d4 (SKF-82526-d4) mesylate is the deuterium labeled Fenoldopam mesylate. Fenoldopam (SKF 82526) mesylate is a drug and synthetic benzazepine derivative which acts as a selective D1 receptor partial agonist[1][2].
Droperidol is a Dopamine-2 Receptor Antagonist. Target: D2DRDroperidol is a butyrophenone, with anti-emetic, sedative and anti-anxiety properties.
RP-5063 (Brilaroxazine) is a multimodal dopamine and serotonin modulator with partial agonist activity at DA D2, D3, D4, 5-HT1A, and 5-HT2ARs, and antagonist activity at 5-HT2B, 5-HT6 and 5-HT7Rs; produces dose-dependent reductions in pulmonary blood vessel wall thickness and proportion of muscular vessels, blocks MCT-induced increases in the plasma cytokines TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 in vivo; prevents Sugen 5416-hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats; improves declarative memory and psychosis in mouse models of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Phase 2 Clinical
Didesmethyl cariprazine is a metabolite of Cariprazine and acts as the predominant circulating active moiety. Didesmethyl cariprazine has a long half-life of 1-3 weeks. Cariprazine is a antipsychotic drug candidate that exhibits high affinity for the D3 and D2 receptors, and moderate affinity for the 5-HT1A receptor[1].
Pardoprunox hydrochloride is a novel partial dopamine D2 and D3 receptor agonist and serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist, D2 (pKi = 8.1) and D3 receptor (pKi = 8.6) partial agonist and 5-HT1A receptor (pKi = 8.5) full agonist.IC50 value: 8.1/8.6/8.5 (pKi, for D2/ D3/5-HT1A receptor)Target: dopamine D2 and D3 receptor, 5-HT1A receptorin vitro: Pardoprunox also binds to D4 (pKi = 7.8), α1-adrenergic (pKi = 7.8), α2-adrenergic (pKi = 7.4), and 5-HT7 receptors (pKi = 7.2) with lower affinity. Pardoprunox acts as a potent but partial D(2) receptor agonist (pEC50 = 8.0 and pA2 = 8.4) with an efficacy of 50% on forskolin stimulated cAMP accumulation. At human recombinant dopamine D3 receptors, Pardoprunox acts as a partial agonist in the induction of [35S]GTPgammaS binding (intrinsic activity of 67%; pEC(50) = 9.2) and antagonized the dopamine induction of [35S]GTPgammaS binding (pA2 = 9.0). Pardoprunox acts as a full 5-HT1A receptor agonist on forskolin induced cAMP accumulation at cloned human 5-HT1A receptors but with low potency (pEC50 = 6.3) [1].in vivo: Pardoprunox induces contralateral turning behaviour in rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) (MED=0.03mg/kg; po). In MPTP-treated common marmosets, Pardoprunox dose-dependently increases locomotor activity (MED=0.03mg/kg; po) and decreases motor disability (MED=0.03mg/kg; po). In contrast Pardoprunox attenuated novelty-induced locomotor activity (MED=0.01mg/kg; po), (+)-amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion (MED=0.3mg/kg; po) and apomorphine-induced climbing (MED=0.6mg/kg; po) in rodents. Pardoprunox also induces 5-HT1A receptor-mediated behaviours, including flat body posture and lower lip retraction (MED=0.3mg/kg; po). Collectively, these findings demonstrate that Pardoprunox possesses dopamine D2/3 partial agonist effects, 5-HT1A agonist effects and reduces parkinsonism in animal models. functional D2 receptor partial agonist activity and is effective in experimental models predictive of efficacy in PD.[2]
Pipamperone (Floropipamide; McN-JR 3345; R 3345) is a high-affinity antagonist of 5-HT2A receptor (pKi=8.2) and D4 receptor (pKi=8.0) and a low-affinity antagonist of D2 receptor (pKi=6.7)[1].
(+)-Dihydrexidine hydrochloride is a dopamine D1 receptor agonist with an EC50 of 72± 21 nM.
SCH 39166 hydrobromide (SCH391660) is potent and selective antagonist of dopamine D1/D5 receptor, with Kis of 1.2 nM and 2.0 nM, respectively. SCH 39166 hydrobromide shows more than 40-flod selectivity over D2, D4, 5-HT, and α2a receptor (Ki=0.98, 5.52, 0.08, and 0.73 μM, respectively). SCH 39166 hydrobromide can be used for the research of schizophrenia, cocaine addition, and obesity[1].
Org-10490 is an antagonist of dopamine D1 receptor and dopamine D2 receptor, used for the treatment for psychiatric disease.
Pardoprunox(SLV-308) is a novel partial dopamine D2 and D3 receptor agonist and serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist; D2 (pKi = 8.1) and D3 receptor (pKi = 8.6) partial agonist (IA = 50% and 67%, respectively) and 5-HT1A receptor (pKi = 8.5) full agonist (IA = 100%); also binds to D4 (pKi = 7.8), α1-adrenergic (pKi = 7.8), α2-adrenergic (pKi = 7.4), and 5-HT7 receptors (pKi = 7.2) with lower affinity.IC50 value:Target:in vitro: SLV308 acted as a potent but partial D(2) receptor agonist (pEC(50) = 8.0 and pA(2) = 8.4) with an efficacy of 50% on forskolin stimulated cAMP accumulation. At human recombinant dopamine D(3) receptors, SLV308 acted as a partial agonist in the induction of [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding (intrinsic activity of 67%; pEC(50) = 9.2) and antagonized the dopamine induction of [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding (pA(2) = 9.0). SLV308 acted as a full 5-HT(1) (A) receptor agonist on forskolin induced cAMP accumulation at cloned human 5-HT(1) (A) receptors but with low potency (pEC(50) = 6.3) [1].in vivo: Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS)-Motor score was improved in pardoprunox-treated patients (overall mean dose 23.8 mg/d; -7.3 points), as compared with placebo (-3.0 points; P = 0.0001), from baseline to end point. At end point, there were more responders (> or = 30% reduction in UPDRS-Motor score) in the pardoprunox group (50.7%) than in the placebo group (15.7%; P < 0.0001) [2]. Surprisingly in the SNc, pardoprunox (10 μg kg?1, i.v.) either partially or fully suppressed the firing activity in two separate populations of DA neurons. Finally, in the DRN, pardoprunox (5-40 μg kg-1, i.v.) completely suppressed the firing activity of 5-HT neurons. Moreover, the selective 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist WAY-100,635 prevented and reversed the effects of pardoprunox [3].
B-HT 920(Talipexole 2Hcl) is a dopamine D2 receptor agonist, α2-adrenoceptor agonist and 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, which displays antiParkinsonian activity.IC50 Value: 25 nM(Adrenergic receptor α-2, rat)Target: Adrenergic Receptor; 5-HT Receptor; Dopamine Receptorin vitro: N/Ain vivo: Intravenous injection of 30 micrograms/kg of B-HT 920 into cats lead initially to an increase in blood pressure and then to a long-lasting decrease in blood pressure and heart rate. Vagally mediated reflex bradycardia elicited by angiotensin injection in beta-adrenoceptor-blocked dogs was facilitated by intracisternal injection of 10 micrograms/kg B-HT 920.
Dopamine D2 receptor antagonist-1 is a negative allosteric modulator (NAM) of the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) with sub-mM affinity[1].
Piribedil D8 is the deuterium labeled Piribedil, which is an antiparkinsonian agent.
(-)-Isocorypalmine, an alkaloid isolated from Corydalis chaerophylla, possesses antifungal activity[1].
Thiethylperazine dimaleate is a phenothiazine derivate, and an orally active dopamine D2-receptor and histamine H1-receptor antagonist. Thiethylperazine dimaleate is also a slective ABCC1activator that reduces amyloid-β (Aβ) load in mice. Thiethylperazine dimaleate has anti-emetic, antipsychotic and antimicrobial effects[1][2][3].