Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX inhibitor with an IC50 of 30 nM for hCA IX[1]. Diuretic effects[4].
hCAIX/XII-IN-2 (compound 6a) is a potent and selective hCAIX and hCAXIIinhibitor with Ki values of >10000, >10000, 30.0, 3.6 nM for hCAI, hCAII, hCAIX and hCAXII, respectively[1].
Ethoxzolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor with Ki of 1 nM.
Dichlorphenamide(Diclofenamide) is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma. Target: Carbonic AnhydraseDichlorphenamide is a sulfonamide and a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor of the meta-Disulfamoylbenzene class. This drug has the same side-effects as acetazolamide, for which it is a useful substitute, except for a lesser tendency to cause dermatitis, renal calculi and metabolic acidosis. It may induce a more pronounced renal loss of potassium [1]. An average daily dose of 33 mg of diclofenamide, a carbonic-anhydrase inhibitor, was added to the anti-epileptic medication already employed in 105 cases of severe epilepsy which had shown insufficient clinical improvement. A favourable action on seizures, often accompanied by an improvement in the EEG tracing, was observed in 83 cases. The effect was of long duration in 47 cases in that it lasted for more than a year. It persisted for one to twelve months in a further 17 cases, while in 19 patients, who had reacted favourably to the treatment, medication had to be suspended because of intolerance [2].
hCAII-IN-1 (compound 7f) is a potent and selective inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase (CA II/IX) with Kis of 1.2 and 113.6 nM, respectively. hCAII-IN-1 has the potential for the research of cancer diseases[1].
hCA I-IN-1 (Compound 6q) is a human carbonic anhydrase I (hCA I) inhibitor with Ki values of 38.3, 716.4, 940.1 and 192.8 nM against hCA I, hCA II, hCAIX and hCAXII, respectively[1].
hCAXII-IN-2 (compound 5i) is a potent human carbonic anhydrase XII (hCA XII) and hCA IX inhibitor with Ki values of 84.2 nM and 268.5 nM, respectively. hCAXII-IN-2 shows less active against hCA I and hCA II[1].
Quinethazone is an orally active diuretic agent and is also a weak inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase. Quinethazone can be used for hypertension research[1][2].
Acetazolamide sodium is the sodium salt of Acetazolamide. Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX inhibitor with an IC50 of 30 nM for hCA IX. Acetazolamide has diuretic, antihypertensive and anti-gonococcal activities[1][4][5][6].
hA2A/hCA XII modulator 1 (compound 14), a triazolopirazine, is a potent hA2A adenosine receptor (hA2AAR) antagonist with Kis of 6.4 nM, 4.819 μM, >30 μM for hA2AAR, hA1AR, hA3AR, respectively. hA2A/hCA XII modulator 1 is a potent human carbonic anhydrase XII (hCA XII) inhibitor with Kis of 6.2 nM, 46 nM, 466 nM, 8.351 μM for hCA XII, hCA II, hCA IX and hCA I, respectively. hA2A/hCA XII modulator 1 has the potential for cancer research[1].
Brinzolamide (AL-4862) hydrochloride is a selective carbonic anhydrase II inhibitor with anIC50 value of 3.2 nM. Brinzolamide hydrochloride reduces intraocular pressure (IOP) by inhibiting ciliary CA-II and decreasing atrial fluid secretion. Brinzolamide hydrochloride can be used in glaucoma disease research[1][2].
Dorzolamide Hcl(L671152 Hcl; MK507 Hcl) is an anti-glaucoma agent, which is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor.Target: carbonic anhydrase (CA)Dorzolamide hydrochloride is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. It is an anti-glaucoma agent, and acts by decreasing the production of aqueous humour [1]. Glaucoma was induced in the right eye of adult Wistar rats by episcleral venous occlusion. One experimental group was administered dorzolamide hydrochloride 2%-timolol 0.5% combination eye drops, while the other experimental group was administered dorzolamide hydrochloride2% eye drops. Control groups had surgery without drug administration. Drug application was initiated either 2 weeks before surgery (Group A), from the day of surgery (Group B), 2 weeks after surgery (Group C), or 4 weeks after surgery (Group D). RGCs were labeled by intratectal Fluorogold injections and counted from flat-mount preparations, and IOP was measured using Tonopen. Both dorzolamide-timolol combination and dorzolamide hydrochloride, when applied topically, significantly reduced IOP and improved RGC densities in experimental eyes when compared to control eyes. Earlier initiation, as well as longer duration of drug application, resulted in higher RGC densities [2].Clinical indications: Glaucoma; Ocular hypertensionFDA Approved Date: 1995Toxicity: Dizziness, headache, shortness of breath, slow heartbeat, severe asthma, cardiac arrest
Dorzolamide(L671152; MK507) is an anti-glaucoma agent, which is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor.Target: carbonic anhydrase (CA)Dorzolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. It is an anti-glaucoma agent, and acts by decreasing the production of aqueous humour [1]. Glaucoma was induced in the right eye of adult Wistar rats by episcleral venous occlusion. One experimental group was administered dorzolamide 2%-timolol 0.5% combination eye drops, while the other experimental group was administered dorzolamide 2% eye drops. Control groups had surgery without drug administration. Drug application was initiated either 2 weeks before surgery (Group A), from the day of surgery (Group B), 2 weeks after surgery (Group C), or 4 weeks after surgery (Group D). RGCs were labeled by intratectal Fluorogold injections and counted from flat-mount preparations, and IOP was measured using Tonopen. Both dorzolamide-timolol combination and dorzolamide, when applied topically, significantly reduced IOP and improved RGC densities in experimental eyes when compared to control eyes. Earlier initiation, as well as longer duration of drug application, resulted in higher RGC densities [2].Clinical indications: Glaucoma; Ocular hypertensionFDA Approved Date: 1995Toxicity: Dizziness, headache, shortness of breath, slow heartbeat, severe asthma, cardiac arrest
Topiramate (McN 4853) lithium is a broad-spectrum antiepileptic agent. Topiramate lithium is a GluR5 receptor antagonist. Topiramate produces its antiepileptic effects through enhancement of GABAergic activity, inhibition of kainate/AMPA receptors, inhibition of voltage-sensitive sodium and calcium channels, increases in potassium conductance, and inhibition of carbonic anhydrase[1][2][3].
Dimethylfraxetin is a Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with a Ki value of 0.0097 μM.
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor 7 (compound 5b) is a potent inhibitor of human carbonic anhydrase (hCA), with Kis of 6.5 nM, 7.1 nM, 72.1 nM, and 255.8 nM for hCA IX, hCA II, hCA XII and hCA I, respectively[1].
Fluorometholone acetate is a synthetic glucocorticoid corticosteroid and a corticosteroid ester. Fluorometholone acetate potently inhibits carbonic anhydrase (CA) with IC50s of 2.18 μM and 17.5 μM for hCA-I and hCA-II, respectively. Fluorometholone acetate has anti-inflammatory effect and has the potential for external ocular inflammation research[1][2][3].
Dorzolamide-d5 (L671152-d5) is the deuterium labeled Dorzolamide. Dorzolamide (L671152) is a potent carbonic anhydrase II inhibitor, with IC50 values of 0.18 nM and 600 nM for red blood cell CA-II and CA-I respectively. Dorzolamide possesses anti-tumor activity[1][2].
Dichlorphenamide disodium is an orally active, specific, carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Dichlorphenamide can reduce intraocular pressure by inhibiting the secretion of water from the eye. Dichlorphenamide can be used for glaucoma research[1].
(E)-Dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol behaves as good hCA IX and hCA XII dual inhibitors[1]. And (E)-Dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol suppresses the NF-κB nuclear translocation in connective tissue of healing area[2].
Zonisamide-d4 (AD 810-d4) is the deuterium labeled Zonisamide. Zonisamide (AD 810) is an inhibitor of zinc enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA), with Kis of 35.2 nM and 20.6 nM for human mitochondrial isozyme hCA II and hCA V, respectively. Zonisamide has antiepileptic activity. Zonisamide can be used for the rsearch for epilepsy, seizures and Parkinson's disease[1][2].
Indisulam (E 7070) is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor and a G1-targeting agent. Indisulam causes a blockade in the G1/S transition through inhibition of the activation of both cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and cyclin E. Shows anti-tumor activity in human colon and lung cancer cells[1][2].
hCAI/II-IN-2 (compound 2b) is a potent dual hCA I/II inhibitor with Ki values of 40.97, 15.15 and 61.88 nM for hCA I, hCA II and hCA Ⅸ. hCAI/II-IN-2 possesses anti-hypoxic activity against acute mountain sickness (AMS) and low cellular activity[1].
Acetazolamide D3 is deuterium labeled Acetazolamide, which is a potent carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitor.
Methazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used to treat glaucoma.Target: Carbonic AnhydraseMethazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor with Ki of 50 nM, 14 nM and 36 nM for hCA I, hCA II and bCA IV isoforms, respectively [1]. Methazolamide is of strength equal to acetazolamide, another carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used to treat irregular breathing disorders. However, methazolamide differs from acetazolamide in that it fails to activate Ca2+-dependent potassium channels in skeletal muscles. Methazolamide does not impair respiratory work performance in anesthetized rabbits [2]. Oral administration of methazolamide decreases IOPs and AHFRs in clinically normal dogs, with effectiveness diminishing in the evening [3].
Methyclothiazide is an orally active antihypertensive agent and a diuretic agent. Methyclothiazide leads to a reduction of the vascular response to the action of endogenous vasoconstricting stimuli, such as Norepinephrine (HY-13715). Methyclothiazide is against voltage-dependent Ca-channel (VDCC) activity in vitro[1][2][3].
Compounds 6B and 14g showed significant inhibitory effect on tumor related subtype HCA IX with low nanomolar potency, while 6K was effective on HCA XII. Compounds 6B, 14g and 6K can be considered as the leading molecules for the development of future cancer therapeutic drugs based on new mechanisms of action.
2-Aminobenzenesulfonamide is a carbonic anhydrase IX inhibitor.
Carbonic anhydrase is ubiquitous zinc-containing metalloenzyme present in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Carbonic anhydrase can catalyze reversible conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and protons. Carbonic anhydrase can be used for the research of cancer, glaucoma, obesity and epilepsy[1][2].
HCAIX-IN-2 (compound 9d) is a selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitor with the Ki values of 24.6 nM and 45.3 nM for hCA IX and hCA XII, respectively[1].