Desethyl chloroquine-d5 is deuterium labeled Desethyl chloroquine. Desethyl chloroquine is a major desethyl metabolite of Chloroquine. Chloroquine diphosphate is an inhibitor of autophagy and toll-like receptors (TLRs). Desethyl chloroquine possesses antiplasmodic activity[1][2].
Mitomycin C is an antitumor drug and antibiotic that shows extraordinary ability to inhibit DNA synthesis.
Adenosine-13C10 (Adenine riboside-13C10; D-Adenosine-13C10) is 13C-labeled Adenosine (HY-B0228). Adenosine (Adenine riboside), a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid, acts through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Adenosine affects almost all aspects of cellular physiology, including neuronal activity, vascular function, platelet aggregation, and blood cell regulation.
Tacrolimus is a macrocyclic lactone with potent immunosuppressive properties. Tacrolimus binds to FK506 binding protein (FKBP) to form a complex and inhibits calcineurin phosphatase.
Thiamet-G is a potent and selective inhibitor of OGA, which acts to remove O-GlcNAc from modified proteins, with Ki of 20 nM for human OGA.
Fenofibrate-d6 is the deuterium labeled Fenofibrate. Fenofibrate is a selective PPARα agonist with an EC50 of 30 μM. Fenofibrate also inhibits human cytochrome P450 isoforms, with IC50s of 0.2, 0.7, 9.7, 4.8 and 142.1 μM for CYP2C19, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C8, and CYP3A4, respectively.
Veliparib is a potent PARP inhibitor, inhibiting PARP1 and PARP2 with Kis of 5.2 and 2.9 nM, respectively.
Wogonoside, a flavonoid glycoside isolated from Huangqin, possesses anti-inflammatory effects. Wogonoside induces autophagy in breast cancer cells by regulating MAPK-mTOR pathway[1][2].
Cabazitaxel-d9 is deuterium labeled Cabazitaxel. Cabazitaxel is a semi-synthetic derivative of the natural taxoid 10-deacetylbaccatin III with potential antineoplastic activity.
SN-38-d5 is deuterium labeled SN-38. SN-38 (NK012) is an active metabolite of the Topoisomerase I inhibitor Irinotecan. SN-38 (NK012) inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis with IC50s of 0.077 and 1.3 μM, respectively[1][2][3][4].
NVP-BGT226 is a potent pan-class I PI3K and mTOR catalytic inhibitor with IC50s of 4 nM, 63 nM and 38 nM for PI3Kα, PI3Kβ and PI3Kγ.
Oxybenzone-d5 is the deuterium labeled Oxybenzone[1]. Oxybenzone (Benzophenone 3) is a commonly used UV filter in sun tans and skin protectants. Oxybenzone act as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and can pass through the placental and blood-brain barriers. Benzophenone-3 impairs autophagy, alters epigenetic status, and disrupts retinoid X receptor signaling in apoptotic neuronal cells[2][3][4].
Losmapimod is a selective, potent, and orally active p38 MAPK inhibitor with pKis of 8.1 and 7.6 for p38α and p38β, respectively.
Rapamycin (Sirolimus) is a potent and specific mTOR inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.1 nM.
Valproic acid (VPA) sodium (2:1) is an orally active HDAC inhibitor, with IC50 in the range of 0.5 and 2 mM, also inhibits HDAC1 (IC50, 400 μM), and induces proteasomal degradation of HDAC2. Valproic acid sodium (2:1) activates Notch1 signaling and inhibits proliferation in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. Valproic acid sodium (2:1) is used in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorder, metabolic disease, HIV infection and prevention of migraine headaches[1][2][3][4][5][6][7].
Autophagy inducer 3 has autophagy induced activity. Autophagy inducer 3 possesses robust autophagic cell death in diverse cancer cells sparing normal counterpart. Autophagy inducer 3 induces lethal autophagy by formation of characteristic autophagic vacuoles, LC3 puncta formation, upregulation of signature autophagy markers like Beclin and Atg family proteins[1].
Silibinin-d is the deuterium labeled Silibinin. Silibinin (Silibinin A), an effective anti-cancer and chemopreventive agent, has been shown to exert multiple effects on cancer cells, including inhibition of both cell proliferation and migration.
AZD-3463 is an ALK/IGF1R inhibitor which overcomes multiple mechanisms of acquired resistance to crizotinib.IC50 Value:Target: ALK/IGF1R
Telaglenastat (CB-839) is a potent and selective inhibitor of glutaminase with an IC50 of less than 50 nM.
URB597 is a potent, orally bioavailable FAAH inhibitor with IC50 of 4.6 nM, with no activity on other cannabinoid-related targets.IC50 value: 4.6 nM [1]Target: FAAH in vitro: URB597 binds in the hydrophobic pocket and catalytic core of FAAH that connects the active site residues to the membrane surface of FAAH [1]. URB597 reduces the expression of the LPS-induced enzymes cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS; NOS2) in primary rat microglial cell, with a concomitant reduction in the release of the inflammatory mediators prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and (NO) nitric oxide [2]. in vivo: URB597 inhibits [3H]anandamide hydrolysis in rat brain membranes with a parallel increase in brain anandamide, OEA, and PEA content by inhibition of FAAH. URB597 enhances the hypothermia effect induced by ethanolamide by inhibiting FAAH [3]. When delivered intraperitonealy (0.3 mg/kg) URB597 reduces allodynia and hyperalgesia through cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptor-mediated analgesia in rats with inflammatory pain [4].
Pazopanib Hydrochloride is a novel multi-target inhibitor of VEGFR1, VEGFR2, VEGFR3, PDGFRβ, c-Kit, FGFR1, and c-Fms with an IC50 of 10, 30, 47, 84, 74, 140 and 146 nM, respectively.
Lycorine (hydrochloride) is VE-cadherin inhibitor,and has IC50 of 1.2μM in Hey1B cell.IC50: 1.2μM (Hey1B cell)[2]In vitro:Lycorine (hydrochloride) executed an anti-melanoma vasculogenic effect by inhibiting VE-cadherin gene expression in C8161 cells and caused a decrease in cell surface exposure of VE-cadherin protein. Consistently, LH significantly suppressed VE-cadherin gene promoter activity. [1]Lycorine (hydrochloride) effectively inhibited mitotic proliferation of Hey1B cells (half maximal inhibitory concentration = 1.2 μM) with very low toxicity, resulting in cell cycle arrest at the G2/M transition through enhanced expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 and marked down-regulation of cyclin D3 expression. Moreover, LH suppressed both the formation of capillary-like tubes by Hey1B cells cultured in vitro.[2]In vivo: Lycorine effectively suppressed C8161 cell-dominant tumor formation and generation of tumor blood vessels in vivo with low toxicity.[1]Lycorine (hydrochloride) suppressed the formation of the ovarian cancer cell-dominant neovascularization in vivo when administered to Hey1B-xenotransplanted mice, suggest that LH selectively inhibits ovarian cancer cell proliferation and neovascularization and is a potential drug candidate for anti-ovarian cancer therapy.[2]
Flavopiridol Hydrochloride is a broad inhibitor of CDK, competing with ATP to inhibit CDKs including CDK1, CDK2, CDK4 with IC50s of 30, 170, 100 nM, respectively.
FAK-IN-5 (Compound 8l) is a FAK signaling inhibitor. FAK-IN-5 induces cell apoptosis and autophagy[1].
EMD 1214063 is a potent and selective c-Met inhibitor with IC50 of 4 nM, >200-fold selective for c-Met than IRAK4, TrkA, Axl, IRAK1, and Mer. IC50 Value: 4 nM [1]Target: c-Metin vitro: EMD 1214063 inhibits HGF-induced c-Met phosphorylation in A549 cells with IC50 of 6 nM. Treatment with EMD 1214063 induces a marked reduction of c-Met–constitutive phosphorylation in EBC-1 cells with IC50 of 9 nM. EMD 1214063 effectively blocka phosphorylation of the major downstream effectors of the c-Met enzyme, such as Grb2, Gab1, Sos, PLCγ, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase, in EBC-1, MKN-45, and Hs746T cells in the range of 1 to 10 nM. EMD 1214063 considerably inhibits the viability of MKN-45 cells with IC50 of less than 1 nM. Treatment with EMD 1214063 (as low as 0.1 nM) inhibits HGF-induced NCI-H441 cell migration, whereas concentrations of 100 nM to 1 μM almost completely prevents it.in vivo: EMD 1214063 treatment, at doses of 10 mg/kg or more, results in more than 90% inhibition of c-Met phosphorylation in Hs746T xenograft tumor for a period of at least 72 hours. EMD 1214063 induces more than 50% reduction of cyclin D1 expression, which persists after 96 hours upon treatment with doses of 100 mg/kg. A transient induction of p27 and cleaved caspase-3 are also observed upon treatment with EMD 1214063. EMD 1214063 (15 mg/kg, daily) treatment induces complete regression of gastric carcinoma xenografts Hs746T, in which c-Met is amplified, overexpressed, and activated in a ligand-independent fashion.
Irinotecan hydrochloride trihydrate is a water soluble topoisomerase I inhibitor with antitumor activity.
MMRi62, a Ferroptosis inducer targeting MDM2-MDM4 (negative regulators of tumor suppressor p53). MMRi62 shows a P53-independent pro-apoptotic activity against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells and induce Autophagy. MMRi62 inducesFerroptosis, resulting in a increase of reactive oxygen and lysosomal degradation of ferritin heavy chain (FTH1). MMRi62 also leads to proteasomal degradation of mutant p53, also inhibits orthotopic xenograft PDAC mouse model in vivo with high frequency mutation characteristics of KRAS and TP53.12[1][2].
Vemurafenib-d5 (PLX4032-d5) is the deuterium labeled Vemurafenib. Vemurafenib (PLX4032) is a first-in-class, selective, potent inhibitor of B-RAF kinase, with IC50s of 31 and 48 nM for RAFV600E and c-RAF-1, respectively[1][4]. Vemurafenib induces cell autophagy[5].
Enzalutamide D3 is a deuterium labeled Enzalutamide (MDV3100). Enzalutamide is an androgen receptor (AR) antagonist with an IC50 of 36 nM in LNCaP prostate cells[1].
Erythromycin, an oral macrolide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces erythreus, reversibly binds to the 50S ribosome of bacteria, and inhibits protein synthesis.Target: AntibacterialErythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often prescribed for people who have an allergy to penicillins. For respiratory tract infections, it has better coverage of atypical organisms, including Mycoplasma and legionellosis. It was first marketed by Eli Lilly and Company, and it is today commonly known as EES (erythromycin ethylsuccinate, an ester prodrug that is commonly administered). It is also occasionally used as a prokinetic agent.Erythromycin estolate has been associated with reversible hepatotoxicity in pregnant women in the form of elevated serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and is not recommended during pregnancy. Some evidence suggests similar hepatotoxicity in other populations. Erythromycin displays bacteriostatic activity or inhibits growth of bacteria, especially at higher concentrations, but the mechanism is not fully understood. By binding to the 50s subunit of the bacterial 70s rRNA complex, protein synthesis and subsequent structure and function processes critical for life or replication are inhibited. Erythromycin interferes with aminoacyl translocation, preventing the transfer of the tRNA bound at the A site of the rRNA complex to the P site of the rRNA complex. Without this translocation, the A site remains occupied and, thus, the addition of an incoming tRNA and its attached amino acid to the nascent polypeptide chain is inhibited. This interferes with the production of functionally useful proteins, which is the basis of this antimicrobial action.