Corynoxeine, isolated from the hook of Uncaria rhynchophylla, is a potent ERK1/ERK2 inhibitor of key PDGF-BB-induced vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proliferation.
3-(3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl)propanoic acid is found in herbs and spices. 3-(3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl)propanoic acid is a constituent of Piper longum (long pepper) and Piper retrofractum (Javanese long pepper).
Salsolidine is a tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid, acts as a stereoselective competitive MAO A inhibitor.
Saponins are a class of chemical compounds of glycosides found in particular abundance in various plant species. In plants, saponins may serve as anti-feedants, and to protect the plant against microbes and fungi[1].
1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose is a gallotannin isolated from various plants. It suppressed interleukin (IL)-4 induced signal pathway in B cell, and inhibited IgE production partially caused by increasing a population of Treg cells in conjunction with Treg-inducing factors.
Alisol A is a natural product.
3,4-Dimethoxycinnamic acid (O-Methylferulic acid) is a monomer extracted and purified from Securidaca inappendiculata Hassk. 3,4-Dimethoxycinnamic acid exerts anti-apoptotic effects on L-02 cells via the ROS-mediated signaling pathway[1]. Anti-apoptotic effects[1].
Oridonin, a diterpenoid isolated from Rabdosia rubescens, acts as an inhibitor of AKT, with IC50s of 8.4 and 8.9 μM for AKT1 and AKT2; Oridonin possesses anti-tumor, anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects.
Tetrahydrocoptisine is an alkaloid compound originally isolated from Corydalis tubers that exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-parasitic activities.IC50 value:Target:in vitro: THC significantly inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α, interleukin-6(IL-6) and nitric oxide (NO) production. THC inhibited the production of TNF-α and IL-6 by down-regulating LPS-induced IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA expression [1].in vivo: Pretreatment with THC (i.p.) inhibited the paw and ear edema in the carrageenan-induced paw edema assay and xylene-induced ear edema assay, respectively. In the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation model, THC significantly inhibited serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) release in mice [1]. Pretreatment of THC at doses of 10 and 20mg/kg bodyweight significantly attenuated the gastric lesions as compared to the ethanol group [2].
4-Methylcatechol, a metabolite of p-toluate, is a substrate as well as a suicide inhibitor of Catechol 2,3-Dioxygenase.
Riboflavine phosphate is a very effective NAD+-recycling agent.
Norepinephrine is a peripheral vasoconstrictor by acting on alpha-adrenergic receptors.
Thiamine pyrophosphate is the coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 and is a required intermediate in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and the ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex.
D-Pantothenic acid hemicalcium salt, a kind of water solublevitamin, can reduce the patulin content of the apple juice.IC50 value:Target:In vitro: In human dermal fibroblasts from three different donors, D-Pantothenic acid hemicalcium salt accelerates the wound healing process by increasing the number of migrating cells, their distance and hence their speed. In addition, cell division is increased and the protein synthesis changed [1].In vivo:
D-Galactose is a natural aldohexose and C-4 epimer of glucose.
Kynurenic acid, an endogenous tryptophan metabolite, is a broad-spectrum antagonist targeting NMDA, glutamate, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Kynurenic acid is also a selective ligand of the GPR35 receptor.
Idebenone is a synthetic variant of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), which initially developed for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive defects.Target: OthersIdebenone is a synthetic variant of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), which initially developed for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive defects. Idebenone was generally well tolerated with similar numbers of adverse events in each group. One child receiving high-dose idebenone developed neutropenia after 6 months, which resolved after discontinuation of treatment. 8OH2′dG concentrations were not increased, and did not significantly change with idebenone treatment [1]. The 2-year efficacy and safety of idebenone were studied in a prospective, randomized, double-blind multicentre study in 3 parallel groups of patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) of mild to moderate degree. A total of 450 patients were randomized to either placebo for 12 months, followed by idebenone 90 mg tid for another 12 months (n = 153) or idebenone 90 mg tid for 24 months (n = 148) or 120 mg tid for 24 months (n = 149). idebenone showed statistically significant dose-dependent improvement in the primary efficacy variable ADAS-Total and in all the secondary efficacy variables [2].
Casanthranol is a concentrated mixture of anthranol glycosides from cascara sagrada (dried bark of Rhamnus p.) and used as a laxative in constipation and various medical conditions, stimulant laxative Casanthranol encourages bowel movements by acting on the intestinal wall to increase muscle contractions[1].
(-)-Catechin gallate is a minor constituent in green tea catechins. (-)-Catechin gallate inhibits the activity of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.
Pyruvic acid is an intermediate metabolite in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
Ellipticine hydrochloride is a potent antineoplastic agent; inhibits DNA topoisomerase II activities.
Glycyrrhizic acid is a triterpenoid saponinl, acting as a direct HMGB1 antagonist, with anti-tumor, anti-diabetic activities.
Propylparaben is an antimicrobial agent, preservative, flavouring agent.
Glutarylcarnitine is the diagnostic metabolite for malonic aciduria and glutaric aciduria type I monitored in most tandem mass spectrometry newborn screening programmes.
Pyridoxine is a pyridine derivative. Pyridoxine exerts antioxidant effects in cell model of Alzheimer's disease via the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway.
Prilocaine hydrochloride is a local anesthetic of the amino amide type.Target: OthersPrilocaine is a local anesthetic of the amino amide type first prepared by Claes Tegner and Nils L?fgren. In its injectable form (trade name Citanest), it is often used in dentistry. It is also often combined with lidocaine as a preparation for dermal anesthesia, for treatment of conditions like paresthesia. As it has low cardiac toxicity, it is commonly used for intravenous regional anaesthesia (IVRA). In some patients, a metabolite of prilocaine may cause the unusual side effect of methemoglobinemia, which may be treated with methylene blue. Maximum dosage for dental use: 8.0 mg/kg (2.7 mg/lb), with a maximum dose of 500 mg.Eutectic Mixture of Local Anesthetics (EMLA) containing 5% lidocaine and prilocaine in a cream was found to give effective topical analgesia in normal and diseased skin, making it useful for superficial surgery and various other clinical procedures. To be effective, an adequate amount must be applied under occlusion and at the right time before the intervention.
Flavin Adenin Dinucleotide is a redox cofactor, more specifically a prosthetic group of a protein, involved in several important enzymatic reactions in metabolism.
Atractylenolide III is a major component of Atractylodes rhizome can induce apoptosis of the lung carcinoma cells.IC50 value:Target: Anticancer natural compoundin vitro: ATL-III inhibited cell growth, increased lactate dehydrogenase release and modulated cell cycle on human lung carcinoma A549 cells. ALT-III induced the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 and cleavage of poly-(ADP)-ribose polymerase. ATL-III induced the release of cytochrome c, upregulation of bax expression, and translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor [1]. Atractylenolide II did not show cytoprotective effects, but oral administration of atractylenolide III dose-dependently prevented ethanol-induced PRGM cell death and cell membrane damage. The EC50 values were 0.27 and 0.34 mm, respectively [2]. Against adult D. pteronyssinus, atractylenolide III (LD50, 73.8 mg/m2) and atractylon (72.1 mg/m2) were eight times more active than Deet and 2.5-fold more toxic than dibutyl phthalate [3].in vivo: In the in-vivo assay, atractylenolide III 10 mg/kg significantly reduced 70% ethanol-induced Wistar rat gastric ulcer. Atractylenolide III could inhibit matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 expression through upregulation of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase from the gastric ulcerated tissues [2].
18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid is the major bioactive component of Glycyrrhizae Radix and possesses anti-ulcerative, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative properties.