N-Methylhydantoin is a product of degradation of creatinine by bacteria.
Mastoparan, a tetradecapeptide which is a component of wasp venom, stimulates release of prolactin from cultured rat anterior pituitary cells.
Syzalterin is an inhibitor of NO production with an IC50 of 1.87 μg/mL.
1,3-Dimethyluric acid is a product of theophylline metabolism in man. 1,3-Dimethyluric acid is one of the purine components in urinary calculi.
Penicillin V Potassium is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections, is a penicillin that is orally active, acts by inhibiting the biosynthesis of cell-wall peptidoglycan.
N-Acetylcadaverine is the acetylated form of the polyamine cadaverine.
Niacin (Vitamin B3) is a water-soluble vitamin and is part of the vitamin B group.Target: OthersNiacin (also known as vitamin B3 and nicotinic acid) is an organic compound with the formula C6H5NO2 and, depending on the definition used, one of the 20 to 80 essential human nutrients. Not enough niacin in the diet can cause nausea, skin and mouth lesions, anemia, headaches, and tiredness. Chronic Niacin deficiency leads to a disease called pellagra. The lack of niacin may also be observed in pandemic deficiency disease which is caused by a lack of five crucial vitamins: niacin,vitamin C, thiamin, vitamin D and vitamin A, and is usually found in areas of widespread poverty and malnutrition.Niacin has been used for over 50 years to increase levels of HDL in the blood and has been found to decrease the risk of cardiovascular events modestly in a number of controlled human trials. Niacin cannot be directly converted to nicotinamide, but both compounds could be converted to and are precursors of NAD and NADP in vivo.Nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, and tryptophan (via quinoline acid) are co-factors for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). NAD converts to NADP by phosphorylation in the presence of the enzyme NAD+ kinase. NADP and NAD are coenzyme for many dehydrogenases, participating in many hydrogen transfer processes. NAD is important in catabolism of fat, carbohydrate, protein, and alcohol, as well as cell signaling and DNA repair, and NADP mostly in anabolism reactions such as fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis.High energy requirements (brain) or high turnover rate (gut, skin) organs are usually the most susceptible to their deficiency.
Glycogen is a glycolytic intermediates and high-energy phosphates that can serve as a form of energy storage in humans, animals, fungi, and bacteria.
Pepstatin is a specific aspartic protease inhibitor produced by actinomycetes, with IC50s of 4.5 nM, 6.2 nM, 150 nM, 290 nM, 520 nM and 260 nM for hemoglobin-pepsin, hemoglobin-proctase, casein-pepsin, casein-proctase, casein-acid protease and hemoglobin-acid protease, respectively. Pepstatin Ammonium also inhibits HIV protease.
Imidazoleacetic acid is an endogenous ligand that stimulates imidazole receptors.
Pyridoxylamine is an advanced glycation end production (AGEs) and lipoxidation end products (ALEs) inhibitor, to protect against diabetes-induced retinal vascular lesions.
1-Methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide is one of the end products of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) degradation.
8-Hydroxyguanine is a major pre-mutagenic lesion generated from reactive oxygen species. It causes G-T and A-C substitutions.
Ansamitocin P-3 is a microtubule inhibitor. Ansamitocin P-3 is a macrocyclic antitumor antibiotic.
Menaquinone-4 is a vitamin K, used as a hemostatic agent, and also a adjunctive therapy for the pain of osteoporosis.
3-Methoxytyramine, a well known extracellular metabolite of 3-hydroxytyramine/dopamine, is a neuromodulator.
Sulfaclozine is an efficacious sulphonamide derivative with antibacterial and anticoccidial effects.Target: Antibacterial, AntiparasiticSulfaclozine is an antibiotic commonly used in poultry for the treatment of coccidiosis and various infectious diseases, in broiler chickens. Sulfaclozine is commonly used for the treatment of various poultry diseases (particularly, collibacteriosis, fowl cholera and coccidiosis).
Alloepipregnanolone, a pregnane with anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties, interferes with the development of rapid tolerance to the anxiolytic effect of ethanol.
β-Amyloid (1-40) is a primary protein in plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease.
N-Acetylputrescine hydrochloride is a putrescine derivative.
Estriol is an antagonist of the G-protein coupled estrogen receptor in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells.Target: Estrogen Receptor/ERRA recent study shows that estrogen (estrone, estradiol, and estriol) inhibits Alzheimer's disease-associated low-order Aβ oligomer formation, and among them, estriol shows the strongest in vitro activity [1]. In mPTEN+/- mice, estriol treatments resulted in a 187.54% gain in the relative ratio of uterine wet weight to body weight; estriol also increases the ratio to 176.88% in wild-type mice [2]. Estriol treatment (20 mg/kg ip), in vivo, sensitizes Kupffer cells to LPS via mechanisms dependent on an increase in CD14 by elevated portal blood endotoxin caused by increased gut permeability in rats; while one-half of the rats given estriol intraperitoneally 24 hours before an injection of a sublethal dose of LPS (5 mg/kg) died within 24 hours [3].
L-Ascorbic acid (sodium) is a more bioavailable form of vitamin C that is an antioxidant agent.
Ruthenium is a chemical element with symbol Ru and atomic number 44. Ruthenium is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table.
D-erythro-Sphingosine is a very potent activator of p32-kinase with an EC50 of 8 μM. D-erythro-Sphingosine inhibits protein kinase C (PKC).
Retinyl acetate is a natural form of vitamin A and has potential antineoplastic and chemo preventive activities.
Crustacean Cardioactive Peptide (CCAP) is a highly conserved, amidated cyclic nonapeptide, first isolated from the pericardial organs of the shore crab Carcinus maenas, where it has a role in regulating heartbeat; Crustacean Cardioactive Peptide (CCAP) also modulates the neuronal activity in other arthropods.
NSC 16590 inhibits the production of endogenous ethylene in the cotyledonary segments of cocklebur.
Dopamine HCl is a catecholamine neurotransmitter present in a wide variety of animals,And a dopamine D1-5 receptors agonist.Target: Dopamine ReceptorDopamine (or 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is a neuroendocrine transmitter in the catecholamine and phenethylamine families that plays a number of important roles in the brain and bodies of humans. Several important diseases of the nervous system are associated with dysfunctions of the dopamine system. Outside the nervous system, dopamine functions in several parts of the body as a local chemical messenger. In the blood vessels, it inhibits norepinephrine release and acts as a vasodilator; in the kidneys, it increases sodium excretion and urine output; in the pancreas, it reduces insulin production; in the digestive system, it reduces gastrointestinal motility and protects intestinal mucosa; and in the immune system, it reduces the activity of lymphocytes. A variety of important drugs work by altering the way the body makes or uses dopamine. Dopamine itself is available for intravenous injection: although it cannot reach the brain from the bloodstream, its peripheral effects make it useful in the treatment of heart failure or shock, especially in newborn babies. L-DOPA, the metabolic precursor of dopamine, does reach the brain and is the most widely used treatment for Parkinson's disease. From Wikipedia.
Tubercidin (7-Deazaadenosine) is an adenosine analog, is an antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces tubercidicus.Target: AntibacterialTubercidin inhibits the growth of Streptococcus faecalis by 50 % at a concentration of 20 nM. Tubercidin is not subject to cleavage by adenosine phosphorylase or to deamination by adenosine deaminase. The antibiotic served as a substrate for numerous enzymes involved in the anabolism of adenosine, as demonstrated by its incorporation into RNA and DNA, and by the formation of nicotinamide-deaza-adenine dinucleotide. Tubercidin proves to be a weak inhibitor of adenosine phosphorylase, and interfered with the phosphorylation of adenosine and AMP. The inhibition of the growth of S. faecalis by Tubercidin is prevented by purine and pyrimidine nucleosides, ribose 5-phosphate, pyruvate, and certain amino acids. In the presence of Tubercidin, growing cultures of the test organism used pyruvate instead of glucose, whereas in the absence of the antibiotic glucose served as the main source of energy. It is suggested, therefore, that the impairment of growth is due primarily to the interference of Tubercidin with the utilization of glucose.