Corticosterone is an adrenocortical steroid that has modest but significant activities as a mineralocorticoid and a glucocorticoid.
4-Hydroxy-3-methylbenzoic acid is a normal organic acid identified in urine specimens from a healthy population.
Gracillin is a kind of steroidal saponin isolated from the root bark of wild yam Dioscorea nipponica with antitumor agent.Gracillin could induce cell cycle arrest, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in HL60 cells.[1]
L-Pyroglutamic acid is the levo-isomer of Pyroglutamic acid. L-Pyroglutamic acid is the biologically active enantiomer in humans. Pyroglutamic acid is an intermediate in glutathione metabolism.
Lasalocid is an antibacterial agent and a coccidiostat, used in the feed additives
2-Methoxyestrone is a methoxylated catechol estrogen and metabolite of estrone, with a pKa of 10.81.
Vanillin is a single molecule extracted from vanilla beans and also a popular odor used widely in perfume, food and medicine.
Coproporphyrin III is a porphyrin derivative.
Morroniside has neuroprotective effect by inhibiting neuron apoptosis and MMP2/9 expression.
Corylin is a major bioactive compound isolated from Psoralea corylifolia L; antibiotic or anticancer compound.IC50 value:Target: in vitro: Corylin showed an inhibitory effect on IL-6-induced STAT3 promoter activity in Hep3B cells with IC50 value of 1.37 uM [1].
D-Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic agent and a weak renal vasodilator.Target: OthersD(-)Mannitol is a sugar alcohol that can be used as an inert osmotic control substance. The uptake and phosphorylation of d-mannitol is catalyzed by the mannitol-specific phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase systems (PTS). Mannitol can interact with neutrophils and monocytes. Experiments have shown that it is able to decrease neutrophil apoptosis in vitro. The compound has been used in studies as a stimulator of cecal microbial growth and cellulolytic activity in rabbits. It has been observed that mannitol can lower the fat digestibility and body fat accumulation in both normal and cecectomized rats, as well as upregulate monocyte HLA-DR, monocyte and neutrophil CD11b. Studies show that the mannitol operon is repressed by the transcription factor, mannitol operon repressor (MtlR) in Escherichia coli [1-3].
Safflower yellow is extracted from the flowers of the plant safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) and as the traditional Chinese medicine it has been extensively used for the treatment of cardio cerebrovascular diseases.
Sanguinarine chloride, a benzophenanthridine alkaloid derived from the root of Sanguinaria Canadensis, can stimulate apoptosis via activating the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Sanguinarine-induced apoptosis is associated with the activation of JNK and NF-κB.
Glycitin is a natural isoflavone isolated from legumes; promotes the proliferation of bone marrow stromal cells and osteoblasts and suppresses bone turnover.
Biotin sulfone is first isolated as a natural metabolite of biotin.
trans-Vaccenic acid is a precursor for the synthesis of saturated fatty acid in the rumen and of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) at the tissue level.
β-Alanine is a non-essential amino acid that is shown to be metabolized into carnosine, which functions as an intracellular buffer.
Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with an IC50 of 25.8 μM; is a widely used antipyretic and analgesic drug.
N-Acetylglycine is a minor constituent of numerous foods with no genotoxicity or acute toxicity. N-acetylglycine is used in biological research of peptidomimetics.
Pseudoginsenoside-F11 (PF11), a component of Panax quinquefolium (American ginseng), has been demonstrated to antagonize the learning and memory deficits induced by scopolamine, morphine and methamphetamine in mice. IC50 value: Inhibition of diprenorphine binding with an IC50 of 6.1 μM Target:In vitro: Biochemical experiments revealed that PF11 could inhibit diprenorphine (DIP) binding with an IC50 of 6.1 μM and reduced the binding potency of morphine in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-μ cells [2].In vivo: One in vivo model of cisplatin-induced acute renal failure was performed. The results showed that pretreatment with Pseudoginsenoside F11 reduced cisplatin-elevated blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels, as well as ameliorated the histophathological damage [1]. We tested the effects of Pseudoginsenoside F11 on morphine-induced development of behavioral sensitization and alterations in glutamate levels in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in freely moving mice by using in vivo microdialysis. As the results shown, Pseudoginsenoside F11 antagonized the development of behavioral sensitization and decrease of glutamate in the mPFC induced by morphine [3].
Pomiferin, a flavonoid from the fruits of Maclura pomifera, acts as an potential inhibitor of HDAC, with an IC50 of 1.05 μM, and also potently inhibits mTOR (IC50, 6.2 µM).
Undecanedioic acid is associated with intercellular matrix macromolecules and specifically with elastin.
Osthole is a natural antihistamine alternative. Osthole may be a potential inhibitor of histamine H1 receptor activity.
L-Cystine is an amino acid and intracellular thiol, which plays a critical role in the regulation of cellular processes.
Prazosin is an alpha-adrenergic blocker and is a sympatholytic drug used to treat high blood pressure and anxiety, PTSD, and panic disorder.Target: Adrenergic ReceptorPrazosin, is a sympatholytic drug used to treat high blood pressure and anxiety, PTSD, andpanic disorder. It is an alpha-adrenergic blocker that is specific for the alpha-1 receptors. These receptors are found on vascular smooth muscle, where they are responsible for the vasoconstrictive action of norepinephrine. They are also found throughout the central nervous system. As of 2013, prazosin is off-patent in the US, and the FDA has approved at least one generic manufacturer.In addition to its alpha-blocking activity, prazosin is an antagonist of the MT3 receptor (which is not present in humans), with selectivity for this receptor over the MT1 and MT2 receptors.Prazosin is orally active and has a minimal effect on cardiac function due to its alpha-1 receptor selectivity. However, when prazosin is initially started, heart rate and contractility go up in order to maintain the pre-treatment blood pressures because the body has reached homeostasis at its abnormally high blood pressure. The blood pressure lowering effect becomes apparent when prazosin is taken for longer periods of time. The heart rate and contractility go back down over time and blood pressure decreases.
Hyaluronic acid sodium salt is a biopolymer composed of repeating units of disaccharides with various applications.
Salvianolic acid C is a noncompetitive Cytochrome P4502C8 (CYP2C8) inhibitor and a moderate mixed inhibitor of Cytochrome P45022J2 (CYP2J2), with Kis of 4.82 μM and 5.75 μM for CYP2C8 and CYP2J2, respectively.
Orotic acid (OA) is an intermediate in pyrimidine metabolism.IC50 Value: Target: Nucleoside antimetabolite/analogin vitro: OA increases cell proliferation and decreases apoptosis in serum-starved SK-Hep1 hepatocellular carcinoma cells, which may ascribe to the inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and thus activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) [1].in vivo: male Fischer 344 rats (130-150 g) to two-thirds PH in the absence or in the presence of OA (a 300-mg tablet of OA methyl ester implanted intraperitoneally at the time of two-thirds PH). treatment with OA resulted in a near-100% inhibition of RNR induced by two-thirds PH in rat liver, as monitored by enzyme activity and protein level [2]. The increases of hepatic OA and betaine levels in OA feeding rats was also found when compared to the normal rats [3]. Feeding 1% OA with diet decreased the phosphorylation of AMPK and increased the maturation of SREBP-1 and the expression of SREBP-responsive genes in the rat liver. OA-induced lipid accumulation was also completely inhibited by rapamycin. Mouse hepatocytes and mice were resistant to OA-induced lipogenesis because of little if any response in AMPK and downstream effectors [4].
Methyl gallate is a plant phenolic with antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. Methyl gallate also shows bacterial inhibition activity.
18-Hydroxycorticosterone is a corticosteroid and a derivative of corticosterone, which can lead to serious electrolyte imbalances.