Picarbutrazox is a potent pesticide and fungicide. Picarbutrazox can be used for corn and soybean to control Pythium and Phytophthora. Picarbutrazox can be used in agricultural production and control[1][2].
Butoconazole nitrate is an anti-fungal agent.Target: Antifungalbutoconazole 1-BSR is an effective and safe alternative to longer-term therapy with miconazole nitrate (seven days) for vulvovaginal candidiasis [1]. A sustained-release (SR) bioadhesive vaginal cream (2% butoconazole nitrate) has incorporated VagiSite technology, a topical drug delivery system that allows SR of the drug [2].
(+)-Ketoconazole is an imidazole anti-fungal agent, a CYP3A4 inhibitor.Target: CYP3A4 (+)-Ketoconazole, an imidazole anti-fungal agent, has often produced features of androgen deficiency including decreased libido, gynecomastia, impotence, oligospermia, and decreased testosterone levels, in men being treated for chronic mycotic infections [1]. (+)-Ketoconazole also is a cytochrome P450 inhibitor [2].(+)-Ketoconazole (KTZ), on the antischistosomal potential of these quinolines against Schistosoma mansoni infection by evaluating parasitological, histopathological, and biochemical parameters. Mice were classified into 7 groups: uninfected untreated (I), infected untreated (II), infected treated orally with PZQ (1,000 mg/kg) (III), QN (400 mg/kg) (IV), KTZ (10 mg/kg)+QN as group IV (V), HF (400 mg/kg) (VI), and KTZ (as group V)+HF (as group VI) (VII). KTZ plus QN or HF produced more inhibition (P<0.05) in hepatic CYP450 (85.7% and 83.8%) and CYT b5 (75.5% and 73.5%) activities, respectively, than in groups treated with QN or HF alone. This was accompanied with more reduction in female (89.0% and 79.3%), total worms (81.4% and 70.3%), and eggs burden (hepatic; 83.8%, 66.0% and intestinal; 68%, 64.5%), respectively, and encountering the granulomatous reaction to parasite eggs trapped in the liver [3].Clinical indications: Candida infection; Dermatophytosis; Folliculitis FDA Approved Date: Toxicity: teratogenesis; liver injuries; adrenal gland problems
Lipoxamycin is an antifungal antibiotic and a potent serine palmitoyltransferase inhibitor with an IC50 of 21 nM[1][2].
Oligomycin C is an antifungal agent isolated from Streptomyces strain[1].
β-Nor-lapachone is a Candida glabrata antibiofilm agent. β-Nor-lapachone can stimulate ROS production, inhibits efflux activity, adhesion, biofilm formation and the metabolism of mature biofilms of Candida glabrata. β-Nor-lapachone has antifungal activity[1].
Miconazole (Monistat) is an imidazole antifungal agent.Target: AntifungalMiconazole is an imidazole antifungal agent, developed by Janssen Pharmaceutica, commonly applied topically to the skin or to mucous membranes to cure fungal infections. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes. It can also be used against certain species of Leishmania protozoa which are a type of unicellular parasite that also contain ergosterol in their cell membranes. In addition to its antifungal and antiparasitic actions, it also has some antibacterial properties. Miconazole is also used in Ektachrome film developing in the final rinse of the Kodak E-6 process and similar Fuji CR-56 process, replacing formaldehyde. Fuji Hunt also includes miconazole as a final rinse additive in their formulation of the C-41RA rapid access color negative developing process. From Wikipedia.
3,5-Di-tert-butylphenol is an volatile organic compound with anti-biofilm and antifungal activities. 3,5-Di-tert-butylphenol induces accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Voriconazole(UK-109496) is a second-generation triazole antifungal used to treat serious fungal infections.IC50 Value: Target: AntifungalVoriconazole displays potent activity against Candida, Cryptococcus and Aspergillus species. Voriconazole inhibits ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting CYP450-dependent 14-α sterol demethylase resulting in a depletion of ergosterol in fungal cell membranes.
Heneicosane-d44 is the deuterium labeled Heneicosane[1]. Heneicosane is an aroma component isolated from Streptomyces philanthi RL-1-178 or Serapias cordigera. Heneicosane is a pheromone and inhibits aflatoxin production[2][3][4].
T-2307, an arylamidine, has antifungal activities in vitro and in vivo. T-2307 exhibits broad-spectrum activity against clinically significant pathogens, including Candida species (MIC range, 0.00025 to 0.0078 μg/ml), Cryptococcus neoformans (MIC range, 0.0039 to 0.0625 μg/ml), and Aspergillus species (MIC range, 0.0156 to 4 μg/mL) [1].
Nimbin is a intermediate limonoid isolated from Azadirachta. Nimbin prevents tau aggregation and increases cell viability. Nimbin is effective inhibits the envelope protein of dengue virus. Nimbin has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antifungal, antihistamine, antiseptic, antioxidant, anti-cancer and anti-viral properties. Nimbin can across blood-brain barrier[1][2][3].
2-Dodecanol inhibits hyphal formation and SIR2 expression in C. albicans[1].
Fenpropimorph is a fungicide that inhibits the sterol pathway. Fenpropimorph inhibits δ8-δ7-sterol isomerase in yeast at low concentrations, with δ14-sterol reductase being blocked at higher levels, preventing the biosynthesis of ergosterol. Fenpropimorph also inhibits sterol synthesis in certain plants and mammalian cells[1][2][3].
Tetrahydroepiberberine is a isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Corydalis impatiens (Pall). Tetrahydroepiberberine has antifungal and selective inhibition against the PI-3 virus activities[1].
Decamethoxine (Septefril) is a cationic gemini surfactant. Decamethoxine exhibits strong bactericidal and fungicidal effects. Decamethoxine modifies the permeability of the microbial cell membrane, resulting in the destruction and death of diverse microorganisms[1][2].
Iprodione-d5 is the deuterium labeled Iprodione[1]. Iprodione, a dicarboximide fungicide, has a highly specific action, with a capacity to cause oxidative damage through production of free oxygen radicals (ROS). Iprodione does not appear to be species selective[2].
Fungicide4 shows the high activity against the P. infestans strain.
Itraconazole is a triazole antifungal agent.IC50 Value: N/ATarget: antifungalin vitro: Itraconazole is pharmacologically distinct from other azole antifungal agents in that it is the only inhibitor in this class that has been shown to inhibit both the hedgehog signaling pathway and angiogenesis[1, 2]. These distinct activities are unrelated to inhibition of the cytochrome P450 lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylase and the exact molecular targets responsible remain unidentified. Functionally, the antiangiogenic activity of itraconazole has been shown to be linked to inhibition of glycosylation, VEGFR2 phosphorylation and cholesterol biosynthesis pathways [2].Evidence suggests the structural determinants for inhibition of hedgehog signaling by itraconazole are recognizably different from those associated with antiangiogenic activity [3].in vivo: Nine volunteers were given either 200 mg itraconazole, or matched placebo orally once daily for 4 days. On day 4, itraconazole increased the area under the midazolam concentration-time curve from 10 to 15 times (p < 0.001) and mean peak concentrations three to four times (p < 0.001) compared with the placebo phase. In psychomotor tests, the interaction was statistically significant (p < 0.05) until at least 6 hours after drug administration. Inhibition of the cytochrome P450IIIA by itraconazole may explain the observed pharmacokinetic interaction [4].
10-Undecenoic acid zinc salt is a natural or synthetic fungistatic fatty acid, is used topically in creams against fungal infections, eczemas, ringworm, and other cutaneous conditions. The zinc provides an astringent action.
SMAP-29, a promising antiinfective agent, is a broad spectrum antibacterial and antifungal α-helical cathelicidin-derived peptide. SMAP-29 acts by permeabilizing bacterial membranes and inducing remarkable changes in the surface morphology of susceptible microorganism[1][2].
UK-2A (Antibiotic UK 2A) is a potent antifungal antibiotic. UK-2A shows antifungal activity[1][2].
Dipyrithione is a potent antimicrobial agent. Dipyrithione shows antifungal activity and antiproliferative activity. Dipyrithione induces apoptosis and cycle arrest at G1 phase. Dipyrithione shows anti-inflammatory activity in vivo. Dipyrithione shows anti-tumor activity. Dipyrithione has the potential for the research of dermatophytosis[1][2][3].
Alexidine dihydrochloride is an anticancer agent that targets a mitochondrial tyrosine phosphatase, PTPMT1, in mammalian cells and causes mitochondrial apoptosis. Alexidine dihydrochloride has antifungal and antibiofilm activity against a diverse range of fungal pathogens[1].
Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic active against prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Propiconazole is a broad-spectrum triazole fungicide that inhibits the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol, leading to fungal cell membrane disruption. Propiconazole inhibits S. cerevisiae, but not rat liver, microsomal cytochrome P450 (IC50s = 0.04 µM and >200 µM, respectively). Propiconazole inhibits the growth of T. deformans and R. stolonifer (ED50s = 0.073 µg/mL and 4.6 µg/mL respectively). Propiconazole increases production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Harzianic acid, a tetramic acid derivative, with activity of antimicrobial, antibiofilm formation and biofilm disaggregation. Harzianic acid interferes with biofilm formation by limiting bacterial iron availability. Harzianic acid is also a selective inhibitor of Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS), the first enzyme in the branched-chain amino acid biosynthetic pathway. Harzianic acid can used for herbicide and fungicide[1][2].
Stilbamidine is a diamidine compound derived from Stilbene and used chiefly in the form of its crystalline isethionate salt in treating various fungal infections.
Ophiobolin B, a sesterterpene metabolite of Helminthosporium oryzae, inhibits proton extrusion from maize coleoptiles. Ophiobolin B inhibits fusicoccin (FC) promoted proton extrusion, potassium uptake and cell enlargement[1]. The MIC values with the antifungal effect of Ophiobolins B on different zygomycetes is 25–50 μg/mL[2].
Ajoene, a garlic-derived compound, is an antithrombotic and antifungal agent. Ajoene inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of human leukaemia CD34-negative cells including HL-60, U937, HEL and OCIM-I. Anticancer activities[1][2].