Levulinic acid

Names

[ CAS No. ]:
123-76-2

[ Name ]:
Levulinic acid

[Synonym ]:
4-Oxopentanoic acid
Levulinic acid
Levulic acid
4-oxovaleric acid
LAEVULINIC ACID
antithermin
b-Acetylpropionic Acid
4-Oxopentanoic acid,4-Oxovaleric acid
3-Acetylpropionic Acid
g-Ketovaleric acid
laevulic acid
MFCD00002796
Pentanoic acid, 4-oxo-
EINECS 204-649-2

Biological Activity

[Description]:

Levulinic acid is a precursor for the synthesis of biofuels, such as ethyl levulinate.

[Related Catalog]:

Natural Products >> Acids and Aldehydes

Research Areas >> Others

[Target]

Human Endogenous Metabolite

[References]

[1]. Pileidis FD, et al. Levulinic Acid Biorefineries: New Challenges for Efficient Utilization of Biomass. ChemSusChem. 2016 Mar 21;9(6):562-82.

[Related Small Molecules]

Chemical & Physical Properties

[ Density]:
1.1±0.1 g/cm3

[ Boiling Point ]:
242.9±13.0 °C at 760 mmHg

[ Melting Point ]:
30-33 °C(lit.)

[ Molecular Formula ]:
C₅H₈O₃

[ Molecular Weight ]:
116.115

[ Flash Point ]:
137.8±0.0 °C

[ Exact Mass ]:
116.047340

[ PSA ]:
54.37000

[ LogP ]:
-0.49

[ Vapour Pressure ]:
0.0±1.0 mmHg at 25°C

[ Index of Refraction ]:
1.435

MSDS

Click to get detail MSDS

Toxicological Information

CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION

RTECS NUMBER :: OI1575000

CHEMICAL NAME :: Levulinic acid

CAS REGISTRY NUMBER :: 123-76-2

BEILSTEIN REFERENCE NO. :: 0506796

LAST UPDATED :: 199701

DATA ITEMS CITED :: 7

MOLECULAR FORMULA :: C5-H8-O3

MOLECULAR WEIGHT :: 116.13

WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :: QV2V1

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :: Standard Draize test

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Administration onto the skin

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rabbit

REFERENCE :: FCTXAV Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. (London, UK) V.1-19, 1963-81. For publisher information, see FCTOD7. Volume(issue)/page/year: 17,847,1979 ** ACUTE TOXICITY DATA **

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 1850 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :: FCTXAV Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. (London, UK) V.1-19, 1963-81. For publisher information, see FCTOD7. Volume(issue)/page/year: 17,847,1979

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 450 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :: NTIS** National Technical Information Service. (Springfield, VA 22161) Formerly U.S. Clearinghouse for Scientific & Technical Information. Volume(issue)/page/year: AD607-952

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Administration onto the skin

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rabbit

DOSE/DURATION :: >5 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :: FCTXAV Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. (London, UK) V.1-19, 1963-81. For publisher information, see FCTOD7. Volume(issue)/page/year: 17,847,1979 *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOHS - National Occupational Hazard Survey (1974) NOHS Hazard Code - M5013 No. of Facilities: 17 (estimated) No. of Industries: 1 No. of Occupations: 4 No. of Employees: 1732 (estimated) NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - M5013 No. of Facilities: 46 (estimated) No. of Industries: 2 No. of Occupations: 5 No. of Employees: 773 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 13 (estimated)

Safety Information

[ Symbol ]:

GHS07

[ Signal Word ]:
Warning

[ Hazard Statements ]:
H302-H315-H319-H335

[ Precautionary Statements ]:
P261-P305 + P351 + P338

[ Personal Protective Equipment ]:
dust mask type N95 (US);Eyeshields;Gloves

[ Hazard Codes ]:
C:Corrosive

[ Risk Phrases ]:
R22;R34

[ Safety Phrases ]:
S26-S45-S36/37/39

[ RIDADR ]:
3261

[ WGK Germany ]:
3

[ RTECS ]:
OI1575000

[ Packaging Group ]:
III

[ Hazard Class ]:
8

[ HS Code ]:
2915509000

Synthetic Route

Click to get detail synthetic route

Precursor & DownStream

Precursor

DownStream

Customs

[ HS Code ]: 2915509000

[ Summary ]:
2915509000 propionic acid, its salts and esters。supervision conditions:AB(certificate of inspection for goods inward,certificate of inspection for goods outward)。VAT:17.0%。tax rebate rate:9.0%。MFN tariff:5.5%。general tariff:30.0%

Articles

Detoxification of biomass hydrolysates with nucleophilic amino acids enhances alcoholic fermentation.

Bioresour. Technol. 186 , 106-13, (2015)

Carbonyl compounds generated in biomass pretreatment hinder the biochemical conversion of biomass hydrolysates to biofuels. A novel approach of detoxifying hydrolysates with amino acids for ethanol pr...

Effectiveness of levulinic acid and sodium dodecyl sulfate employed as a sanitizer during harvest or packing of cantaloupes contaminated with Salmonella Poona.

Int. J. Food Microbiol. 207 , 71-6, (2015)

Freshly harvested Eastern variety cantaloupes (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus cv. Athena) were subjected to three different harvest and wash treatments to examine conditions under which the efficacy...

Differential expression of small RNAs under chemical stress and fed-batch fermentation in E. coli.

BMC Genomics 16 , 1051, (2015)

Bacterial small RNAs (sRNAs) are recognized as posttranscriptional regulators involved in the control of bacterial lifestyle and adaptation to stressful conditions. Although chemical stress due to the...