Protein research can be traced back to the early 19th century. In 1838, German scientist GJ Mudler proposed the word "Protein" in the article. Later, many other words were used. It was not until the beginning of this century that the word "Protein" was used uniformly. The word comes from the Greek word Ποοτο, meaning “the original” and translated into Chinese as “protein”. It has been suggested to translate into "朊", but it has not been promoted because the term protein has been used for a long time. In 1840, FLHunefeld reported that after the blood of the cockroach was volatilized and concentrated, hemoglobin was crystallized. This is the first crystalline protein. In 1877, globulin extracted from Brazilian walnuts also crystallized. In 1926, Sumner reported the crystallization of urease, and Abel reported the crystallization of insulin, which is the crystallization of the first enzyme protein and the first protein hormone. At the same time, the colloidal chemistry of proteins has been studied extensively. Sved-berg designed an ultracentrifuge to determine the molecular weight of different proteins. A. Tisilius designed an electrophoresis system to determine the charged properties of different proteins. A series of experimental evidences indicate that proteins are a class of macromolecules with the same basic structure and uniform molecular weight. Since then, protein research has gradually entered the stage of studying pure molecules. Research centers in the 1930s and 1940s were problems with protein purification, molecular size and shape, and charged properties. Fisher initially solved the method of determining the amino acid composition of proteins, and the chemical structure has become an active research topic. Since the 1950s, F.Sanger has measured the entire chemical structure of insulin; the British school has analyzed the structure of fibrous proteins and L. Pauling proposed the α-helical structure of proteins; MFPerutz and JCKendrew have solved hemoglobin and myoglobin. The stereoscopic structure of the crystalline state. There have been major breakthroughs in the field of protein research. These results provide the basis for the production of molecular biology, and also make the research of protein an important part of molecular biology. Protein engineering is the technique of designing or synthesizing new proteins by changing genes at the DNA level. Protein engineering mainly studies protein separation and purification, analysis and design of protein structure and function, and transforms and creates proteins through genetic engineering. The research on the relationship between protein structure and function is the core content of protein engineering. Protein engineering technology comprehensively uses the three-dimensional structure, structure and function of proteins; recombinant DNA gene manipulation technology, directly modifying or artificially synthesizing genes by site-directed mutagenesis, purposefully changing the amino acid residues in protein molecules according to design A radical or structural region that is oriented to alter the properties of a protein, making it a novel protein with desirable properties, or creating a unique protein that does not exist in nature. With the rapid development of molecular biology, structural biology and bioinformatics, protein engineering has developed rapidly in recent years, becoming an important means of studying protein structure and function, and is widely used in protein research and drug design.
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Amino compound
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Oxy-containing amino compound
Cycloalkylamines, aromatic monoamines, aromatic polyamines and derivatives and salts thereof
Acyclic monoamines, polyamines and their derivatives and salts
Amide compound
Sulfonic acid amino compound
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Alcohols, phenols, phenolic compounds and derivatives
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2-cycloalcohol
Halogenated, sulfonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives of alcohols
Extremely halogenated, sulfonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives of phenols
Phenol and its halogenated, sulfonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives
Acyclic alcohol
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Nitrogen-containing compound
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Nitrile compound
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Organic derivative of hydrazine or hydrazine
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Terpenoid
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Ether compounds and their derivatives
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Ether, ether alcohol
Halogenation, sulfonation, nitration or nitrosation of ethers, ether alcohols, ether phenols
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Aldehyde
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Carboxylic compounds and derivatives
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Cyclic carboxylic acid
Halogenation, sulfonation, nitration or nitrosation of carboxylic acids
Halogenation, sulfonation, nitration or nitration of carboxylic anhydrides
Carboxylic acid halide
Carboxylic esters and their derivatives
Salt of carboxylic acid ester and its derivatives
Acyclic carboxylic acid
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Hydrocarbon compounds and their derivatives
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Aromatic hydrocarbon
Cyclic hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon sulfonate
Hydrocarbon halide
Hydrocarbon nitrite
Acyclic hydrocarbon
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Ketone compound
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Alkyl ureas and their derivatives and salts
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Inorganic acid ester
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Heterocyclic compound
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Diazo, azo or azo compound
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Organosilicon compound
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Organometallic compound
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Organic palladium
Organic germanium, cobalt, strontium, barium, gallium, germanium, germanium, germanium, germanium, etc.
Organic calcium
Zirconium
Organic potassium
Organic
Organic lithium
Organic
Organic aluminum
Organotin
Organic manganese
Organic sodium
Organic nickel
Organic titanium
Organic iron
Organic copper
Organotin
Organic zinc
Organic
Organic
Organic germanium, mercury, silver, platinum, etc.
Organic germanium, antimony, bismuth, tungsten, antimony, bismuth, lead, vanadium, molybdenum, chromium, antimony, etc.
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Organic sulfur compound
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Organic phosphine compound
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Organometallic salt
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Organic fluorine compound
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Fluorobenzoic acid series
Fluorobenzonitrile series
Fluorobenzaldehyde series
Fluorobenzyl alcohol series
Fluoroanisole series
Fluoroaniline series
Fluorophenylacetic acid series
Fluorophenol series
Fluorobenzoic acid series
Fluoronitrobenzene series
Fluoropyridine series
Potassium fluoroborate series
Fluorobenzyl alcohol series
Fluorotoluene series
Fluorine red series
Fluoroethane series
Fluoropropane series