Antihelium drug

Spirochetes are a kind of Gram-negative prokaryotic microbes. They are slender, soft, curved and spiral, and can perform active spiral movement. Their biological characteristics are between bacteria and protozoa. According to the number, size, shape and the like of the spiral, it is divided into different genera. Those who have important pathogenic effects on humans include: 1 leptospiral, having 12 to 18 or more, regular spirals, and hooks at one or both ends, causing leptospirosis; 2 Borrelia Borrelial, with 3 to 10 irregular spirals, mainly causing regression heat, Lyme disease and other diseases; 3 Treponema, with 8 to 14 dense and regular spirals, mainly causing syphilis, yaws And other diseases. The spiral includes the outer membrane (cell wall), the bacterial body and the shaft 3 portion. The outer membrane protein is the outermost structure of the spirochete, which has strong antigenicity and is related to the virulence and pathogenicity of the spirochete. The outer membrane protein can also cause the host's immune response to produce the corresponding antibody, and the axis is involved in the movement of the spiral. Spirochete is one of the oldest infectious diseases in humans and is still an important infectious disease in China. If leptospirosis still threatens the health and life of the majority of farmers in China, some new spirochetes, such as relapsing fever and Lyme disease, are also increasing in some parts of China. Through small damaged skin or mucous membranes, the spiral enters the human body in a unique spiral motion and causes infection. When the spirochete invades the human body, it can form characteristic skin and mucous membrane damage at the invasive site, and then enter the blood circulation and multiply through the blood vessel or lymphatic system, further invading the corresponding target tissues and organs, resulting in different clinical manifestations. Partial spirochete disease can form chronic infections or leave various sequelae. The main diagnostic techniques for spirochetes are as follows: (1) Finding spirochetes directly from blood or mucosal lesions, but the positive rate is low, especially when the number of spirochetes is small or the amount of specimens is small; 2 Separation and culture of spirochetes have diagnostic value However, it takes a long time and has little value for early diagnosis. 3 Serological methods for detecting specific antibodies are diagnostic, but they cannot be used for early diagnosis. 4 molecular biology experimental techniques, such as monoclonal antibodies, nucleic acid probes, PCR, etc., the method is sensitive and specific, and can be used for early diagnosis, but the experiment requires high, and the false positive result should be avoided. Spirochetes are sensitive to a variety of antibiotics, and no reports of resistant strains have been reported so far. A variety of spirochetes may have a Hertz reaction after the first application of a bactericidal antibiotic, and attention should be paid to the possibility of exacerbation. Comprehensive preventive measures, such as pathogen control, vaccine prevention, and chemical prevention, should be taken to prevent and control the occurrence and prevalence of spirochetes.