Urea

[Description]:

Urea is a powerful protein denaturant via both direct and indirect mechanisms[1]. A potent emollient and keratolytic agent[2]. Used as a diuretic agent. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) has been utilized to evaluate renal function[3]. Widely used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen and is an important raw material for the chemical industry.

[Related Catalog]:

Research Areas >> Cardiovascular Disease

Natural Products >> Others

[Target]

Human Endogenous Metabolite

[References]

[1]. Bennion BJ, et al. The molecular basis for the chemical denaturation of proteins by urea. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Apr 29;100(9):5142-7.

[2]. Pan M, et al. Urea: a comprehensive review of the clinical literature. Dermatol Online J. 2013 Nov 15;19(11):20392.

[3]. Wang H, et al. Urea. Subcell Biochem. 2014;73:7-29.

[Related Small Molecules]

[ Density]:
1.335

[ Boiling Point ]:
332.48°C

[ Melting Point ]:
131-135 ºC

[ Molecular Formula ]:
CH₄N₂O

[ Molecular Weight ]:
60.055

[ Flash Point ]:
53.7±22.6 °C

[ Exact Mass ]:
60.032364

[ PSA ]:
69.11000

[ LogP ]:
-1.43

[ Vapour Pressure ]:
<0.1 hPa (20 °C)

[ Index of Refraction ]:
n20/D 1.40

[ Storage condition ]:
2-8°C

[ Stability ]:
Substances to be avoided include strong oxidizing agents. Protect from moisture.

[ Water Solubility ]:
1080 g/L (20 ºC)

Click to get detail MSDS

CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION

RTECS NUMBER :: YR6250000

CHEMICAL NAME :: Urea

CAS REGISTRY NUMBER :: 57-13-6

LAST UPDATED :: 199710

DATA ITEMS CITED :: 43

MOLECULAR FORMULA :: C-H4-N2-O

MOLECULAR WEIGHT :: 60.07

WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :: ZVZ

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :: Standard Draize test

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Administration onto the skin

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Human

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 8471 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: >5 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 8200 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - altered sleep time (including change in righting reflex) Behavioral - changes in motor activity (specific assay) Behavioral - antipsychotic

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 5300 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - altered sleep time (including change in righting reflex) Behavioral - changes in motor activity (specific assay) Behavioral - antipsychotic

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intratracheal

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 567 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea Blood - methemoglobinemia-carboxyhemoglobin

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 11 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 6608 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral - coma

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 9200 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - altered sleep time (including change in righting reflex) Behavioral - changes in motor activity (specific assay) Behavioral - antipsychotic

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 4600 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - altered sleep time (including change in righting reflex) Behavioral - changes in motor activity (specific assay) Behavioral - antipsychotic

TYPE OF TEST :: LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Mammal - dog

DOSE/DURATION :: 3 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Mammal - dog

DOSE/DURATION :: 3 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rabbit

DOSE/DURATION :: 3 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rabbit

DOSE/DURATION :: 4800 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Bird - pigeon

DOSE/DURATION :: 14800 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Amphibian - frog

DOSE/DURATION :: 600 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Mammal - domestic

DOSE/DURATION :: 511 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - tetany Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea Gastrointestinal - changes in structure or function of salivary glands

TYPE OF TEST :: TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Inhalation

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 288 mg/m3/17W-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - other changes in urine composition Blood - other changes Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - changes in chlorine

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Administration onto the skin

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 3024 mg/kg/4W-C

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Liver - changes in liver weight Endocrine - changes in thymus weight Related to Chronic Data - changes in testicular weight

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Administration onto the skin

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 37800 mg/kg/25W-C

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Brain and Coverings - changes in brain weight Related to Chronic Data - changes in prostate weight

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 821 gm/kg/1Y-C

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Tumorigenic - neoplastic by RTECS criteria Blood - tumors Blood - lymphoma, including Hodgkin's disease

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 394 gm/kg/1Y-C

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Tumorigenic - Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Blood - tumors Blood - lymphoma, including Hodgkin's disease

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intraplacental

DOSE :: 1400 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 16 week(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Fertility - abortion

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intraplacental

DOSE :: 1600 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 16 week(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Fertility - abortion

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intraplacental

DOSE :: 1600 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 16 week(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Fertility - abortion

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intrauterine

DOSE :: 6 gm/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 18 week(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Fertility - abortion

TYPE OF TEST :: Cytogenetic analysis

MUTATION DATA

TYPE OF TEST :: Cytogenetic analysis

TEST SYSTEM :: Rodent - hamster Lung

DOSE/DURATION :: 13 gm/L

REFERENCE :: GMCRDC Gann Monograph on Cancer Research. (Plenum Pub. Corp., 233 Spring St., New York, NY 10013) No. 11- 1971- Volume(issue)/page/year: 27,95,1981 *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOHS - National Occupational Hazard Survey (1974) NOHS Hazard Code - 80231 No. of Facilities: 22367 (estimated) No. of Industries: 156 No. of Occupations: 119 No. of Employees: 284911 (estimated) NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - X7915 No. of Facilities: 9 (estimated) No. of Industries: 1 No. of Occupations: 1 No. of Employees: 63 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 9 (estimated) NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - 80231 No. of Facilities: 31269 (estimated) No. of Industries: 204 No. of Occupations: 164 No. of Employees: 783504 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 326824 (estimated)

[ Personal Protective Equipment ]:
Eyeshields;Gloves;type N95 (US);type P1 (EN143) respirator filter

[ Hazard Codes ]:
Xn,Xi

[ Risk Phrases ]:
36/37/38-40

[ Safety Phrases ]:
S26-S36-S24/25

[ RIDADR ]:
NONH for all modes of transport

[ WGK Germany ]:
1

[ RTECS ]:
YR6250000

[ HS Code ]:
3102100001

Click to get detail synthetic route

Precursor

DownStream

[ HS Code ]: 3102100001

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