Phenformin (hydrochloride)

Modify Date: 2025-08-20 20:09:34

Phenformin (hydrochloride) structure	Common Name	Phenformin (hydrochloride)
	CAS Number	834-28-6	Molecular Weight	241.721
	Density	1.24 g/cm3	Boiling Point	413.7ºC at 760 mmHg
	Molecular Formula	C₁₀H₁₆ClN₅	Melting Point	175-178ºC
	MSDS	Chinese USA	Flash Point	204ºC
	Symbol	GHS07	Signal Word	Warning

Use of Phenformin (hydrochloride)

Phenformin (hydrochloride) is a hydrochloride salt of phenformin that is an anti-diabetic drug from the biguanide class, can activate AMPK activity.

Name	Phenformin hydrochloride
Synonym	More Synonyms

Description	Phenformin (hydrochloride) is a hydrochloride salt of phenformin that is an anti-diabetic drug from the biguanide class, can activate AMPK activity.
Related Catalog	Signaling Pathways >> Epigenetics >> AMPK Signaling Pathways >> PI3K/Akt/mTOR >> AMPK Research Areas >> Cancer
Target	AMPK
In Vitro	Phenformin stimulates the phosphorylation and activation of AMPKalpha1 and AMPKalpha2 without altering LKB1 activity[1]. Phenformin increases AMPK activity and phosphorylation in the isolated heart, the increase in AMPK activity is always preceded by and correlated with increased cytosolic [AMP][2]. Phenformin is a 50-fold more potent inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I than metformin. Phenformin robustly induces apoptosis in LKB1 deficient NSCLC cell lines. Phenformin at 2 mM similarly induces AMPK signaling as shown by increased P-AMPK and P-Raptor levels. Phenformin induces higher levels of cellular stress, triggering induction of P-Ser51 eIF2α and its downstream target CHOP, and markers of apoptosis at later times. Phenformin induces a significant increase in survival and therapeutic response in KLluc mice following long-term treatment[3]. Phenformin and AICAR increases AMPK activity in H441 cells in a dose-dependent fashion, stimulating the kinase maximally at 5-10 mm and 2 mm, respectively. Phenformin significantly decreases basal ion transport (measured as short circuit current) across H441 monolayers by approximately 50% compared with that of controls. Phenformin and AICAR significantly reduce amiloride-sensitive transepithelial Na+ transport compared with controls. Phenformin and AICAR suppress amiloride-sensitive Na+ transport across H441 cells via a pathway that includes activation of AMPK and inhibition of both apical Na+ entry through ENaC and basolateral Na+ extrusion via the Na+,K+-ATPase[4]. Phenformin-treated rats reveals a tendency towards a decrease in blood insulin level (radioimmunoassay)[5].
In Vivo	Phenformin increases levels of P-eIF2α and its target BiP/Grp78 in normal lung as well as in lung tumors of mice[3].
Kinase Assay	Total AMPK activity is measured using the method of Dagher et al. AMPK activity is quantified in the resuspended pellet as incorporation of 32P from [γ-32P]ATP (10 GBq/mmol) into a synthetic peptide with the specific target sequence for AMPK, the SAMS peptide. Radioactivity is measured using a liquid scintillation counter. Protein content in the solution containing the resupended (NH4)2SO4 pellet is determined using the Bradford method.
References	[1]. Sakamoto K, et al. Activity of LKB1 and AMPK-related kinases in skeletal muscle: effects of contraction, phenformin, and AICAR. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab.?2004 Aug;287(2):E310-7. [2]. Zhang L, et al. Metformin and phenformin activate AMP-activated protein kinase in the heart by increasing cytosolic AMP concentration. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2007 Jul;293(1):H457-66. [3]. Moreira AL, et al. Thalidomide exerts its inhibitory action on tumor necrosis factor alpha by enhancing mRNA degradation. J Exp Med. 1993 Jun 1;177(6):1675-80. [4]. Woollhead AM, et al. Phenformin and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR) activation of AMP-activated protein kinase inhibits transepithelial Na+ transport across H441 lung cells. J Physiol. 2005 Aug 1;566(Pt 3):781-92. Epub 2005 [5]. Dilman VM, et al. Inhibition of DMBA-induced carcinogenesis by phenformin in the mammary gland of rats. Arch Geschwulstforsch. 1978;48(1):1-8.

Density	1.24 g/cm3
Boiling Point	413.7ºC at 760 mmHg
Melting Point	175-178ºC
Molecular Formula	C₁₀H₁₆ClN₅
Molecular Weight	241.721
Flash Point	204ºC
Exact Mass	241.109421
PSA	97.78000
LogP	2.72010
Storage condition	-20°C Freezer
Water Solubility	>=10 g/100 mL at 21 ºC

CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION

RTECS NUMBER :: DU2200000

CHEMICAL NAME :: Biguanide, 1-phenethyl-, monohydrochloride

CAS REGISTRY NUMBER :: 834-28-6

LAST UPDATED :: 199706

DATA ITEMS CITED :: 10

MOLECULAR FORMULA :: C10-H15-N5.Cl-H

MOLECULAR WEIGHT :: 241.76

WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :: MUYZMYUM&M2R &GH

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 938 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 140 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 17500 ug/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - cyanosis Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - respiratory depression

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 407 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Endocrine - hypoglycemia

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 150 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 200 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 17800 ug/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - guinea pig

DOSE/DURATION :: 47 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - guinea pig

DOSE/DURATION :: 19 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

MUTATION DATA

TYPE OF TEST :: DNA damage

TEST SYSTEM :: Rodent - rat Liver

DOSE/DURATION :: 1 mmol/L

REFERENCE :: EMMUEG Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., 41 E. 11th St., New York, NY 10003) V.10- 1987- Volume(issue)/page/year: 24,181,1994

Symbol	GHS07
Signal Word	Warning
Hazard Statements	H302
Personal Protective Equipment	dust mask type N95 (US);Eyeshields;Gloves
Hazard Codes	Xn:Harmful
Risk Phrases	R22
Safety Phrases	S36
RIDADR	2811.0
WGK Germany	3
RTECS	DU2200000
Hazard Class	6.1
HS Code	2942000000

Precursor 0
DownStream 1
CAS#:114-86-3 phenformin

HS Code	2942000000

Hydrogen sulfide mitigates hyperglycemic remodeling via liver kinase B1-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase signaling.

Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1843(12) , 2816-26, (2014)

Hyperglycemia (HG) reduces AMPK activation leading to impaired autophagy and matrix accumulation. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) treatment improves HG-induced renovascular remodeling however, its mechanism re...

Lactic acidosis treatment by nanomole level of spermidine in an animal model.

Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 70(2) , 514-8, (2014)

Lactic acidosis occurs in a number of clinical conditions, e.g. in surgeries, orthotopic liver transplant, and anesthetic agent administration, which has deleterious effects on the patient's survival....

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