Adenosine

Adenosine is a nucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribose sugar molecule (ribofuranose) moiety via a β-N9-glycosidic bond.Target: Nucleoside antimetabolite/analogAdenosine plays an important role in biochemical processes, such as energy transfer — as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) — as well as in signal transduction as cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cAMP. It is also an inhibitory neurotransmitter, believed to play a role in promoting sleep and suppressing arousal. Adenosine also plays a role in regulation of blood flow to various organs through vasodilation.Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside that modulates many physiological processes. Cellular signaling by adenosine occurs through four known adenosine receptor subtypes. Extracellular adenosine concentrations from normal cells are approximately 300 nM; however, in response to cellular damage (e.g. in inflammatory or ischemic tissue), these concentrations are quickly elevated (600–1,200 nM). Thus, in regard to stress or injury, the function of adenosine is primarily that of cytoprotection preventing tissue damage during instances of hypoxia, ischemia, and seizure activity. Activation of A2A receptors produces a constellation of responses that in general can be classified as anti-inflammatory.

Signaling Pathways >> Autophagy >> Autophagy

Signaling Pathways >> Cell Cycle/DNA Damage >> Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog

Research Areas >> Metabolic Disease

Natural Products >> Saccharides and Glycosides

Human Endogenous Metabolite

[1]. Sato A, et al. Mechanism of vasodilation to adenosine in coronary arterioles from patients with heart disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005 Apr;288(4):H1633-40.

[2]. Costa F, et al. Role of nitric oxide in adenosine-induced vasodilation in humans. Hypertension. 1998 May;31(5):1061-4.

3-Methyladenine | Hydrocortisone | Azacitidine (5-Azacytidine) | Acetylcysteine(N-acetylcysteine) | Retinoic acid | Broxuridine | Melatonine | Dinoprostone | Nicotinamide | Adenosine triphosphate | 4-Acetamidophenol | Prostaglandin E1 | Dehydroepiandrosterone | Corticosterone | Progesterone

MOLECULAR FORMULA :

C10-H13-N5-O4

MOLECULAR WEIGHT :

267.28

WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :

T56 BN DN FN HNJ IZ D- BT5OTJ CQ DQ E1Q

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Human - woman

DOSE/DURATION :

240 ug/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Cardiac - arrhythmias (including changes in conduction)

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Human - man

DOSE/DURATION :

143 ug/kg/I

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - effect, not otherwise specified Behavioral - headache

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Human - man

DOSE/DURATION :

50 ug/kg/1M-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - bronchiolar constriction

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Human - woman

DOSE/DURATION :

360 ug/kg/1H-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Cardiac - pulse rate increase, without fall in BP Cardiac - change in rate

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Human - man

DOSE/DURATION :

257 ug/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Cardiac - pulse rate increase, without fall in BP Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - cyanosis

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Human - man

DOSE/DURATION :

171 ug/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral - coma Cardiac - pulse rate

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Human - man

DOSE/DURATION :

257 ug/kg/1D-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Cardiac - arrhythmias (including changes in conduction) Cardiac - change in rate Vascular - BP lowering not characterized in autonomic section

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

>20 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

500 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :

Cytogenetic analysis

MUTATION DATA

TYPE OF TEST :

DNA damage

TEST SYSTEM :

Mammal - species unspecified Lymphocyte

DOSE/DURATION :

60 mmol/L

REFERENCE :

PNASA6 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. (National Academy of Sciences, Printing & Pub. Office, 2101 Constitution Ave., Washington, DC 20418) V.1- 1915- Volume(issue)/page/year: 48,686,1962 *** REVIEWS *** TOXICOLOGY REVIEW ARZNAD Arzneimittel-Forschung. Drug Research. (Editio Cantor Verlag, Postfach 1255, W-7960 Aulendorf, Fed. Rep. Ger.) V.1- 1951- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,24,1957 *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - X3937 No. of Facilities: 77 (estimated) No. of Industries: 2 No. of Occupations: 2 No. of Employees: 556 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 387 (estimated)