Artemisinin

Modify Date: 2024-01-01 18:55:29

Artemisinin Structure
Artemisinin structure
Common Name Artemisinin
CAS Number 63968-64-9 Molecular Weight 282.332
Density 1.2±0.1 g/cm3 Boiling Point 389.9±42.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Molecular Formula C15H22O5 Melting Point 156-157ºC
MSDS Chinese USA Flash Point 172.0±27.9 °C

 Use of Artemisinin


Artemisinin is an anti-malarial drug isolated from the aerial parts of Artemisia annua L. plants.

 Names

Name (+)-artemisinin
Synonym More Synonyms

 Artemisinin Biological Activity

Description Artemisinin is an anti-malarial drug isolated from the aerial parts of Artemisia annua L. plants.
Related Catalog
In Vitro Artemisinin (3.125-100 μM) concentration-dependently suppresses Aβ25-35 induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. Artemisinin (25 μM) suppresses Aβ25-35-induced LDH release, apoptosis and ROS production, attenuates Aβ-induced mitochondrial membrane potential loss and caspase 3/7 activity increase, and stimulates the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in a time- and concentration-dependent manner in PC12 cell. ERK 1/2 pathway mediates the protect effects of artemisinin in PC12 cells[1]. Artemisinin shows cytotoxic activity in MCF-7/Dox cell line with IC50 of 3.7±0.4 μg/mL after 24 h treatment. Besides, Artemisinin treatment of MCF-7 cells, sensitive and resistant to Dox and DDP, causes a decrease in expression of proteins such as LF, FTH1, and HEP. Artemisinin activates p38 MAPK-kinase cascade regardless of the oxidative stress due to inhibition of VEGF expression and cell migration[2]. Artemisinin (50, 100 or 200 mg) significantly inhibits isoflurane-induced hippocampal neuronal loss, decreases caspase-3-positive cell counts and also cleaves caspase-3 expression, and modulates the expression of apoptosis pathway proteins. Artemisinin modulates JNK/ERK 1/2 signalling and histone acetylation[3]. Artemisinin inhibits HCV replication in a dose-dependent manner with EC50 value of 167±38 µM. Artemisinin and its most potent analogues partially inhibit the in vitro replication of HCV by induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS)[4]. Artemisinin significantly inhibits VSMC proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Artemisinin (1 mM) for 72 h significantly reduces the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen messenger RNA[5].
In Vivo Artemisinin (50, 100 or 200 mg/kg b.wt/day, p.o.) prevents isoflurane-induced working memory impairments as observed in T-maze test. Artemisinin enhances spatial navigation and memory of rats exposed to isoflurane. Artemisinin-treated rats exhibit markedly better performance in comparison with isoflurane-alone-exposed rats[3].
Kinase Assay Briefly, PC12 cells are lysed in lysis buffer and centrifuged at 12,500×g for 5 min 15 mL of cell lysate is incubated with 50 mL of 2X substrate working solution at room temperature for 30 min in 96-well plates. The fluorescence intensity is then determined by Infinite M200 PRO Multimode Microplate at an excitation wavelength of 490 nm and emission at 520 nm. The fluorescence intensity of each sample is normalized to the protein concentration of sample. All values of % caspase 3/7 activities are normalized to the control group.
Cell Assay For this purpose, cells are cultivated in 96-well plates in DMEM, supplemented with insulin. The artemisinin, Dox, and DDP are added to media at different concentrations and the cells are cultivated for either 24 or 48 h. For this purpose artemisinin is diluted in 0.01% DMSO in media. After this time, 10 µL of the MTT dye solution (5 mg/mL in phosphate buffer saline) is added to the cells; the cells are incubated at the same conditions for 3 h. After centrifugation (1500 rpm, 5 min) the supernatant is removed. 100 μL of dimethyl sulfoxide is added to each well, to dissolve formazan. The absorption is measured, using a multi-well spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 540 nm.
Animal Admin Separate group of rat pups (total rat pups 80; n = 16 per group) is administered artemisinin (50, 100 or 200 mg/kg body weight) via oral gavage, every day from P2 to P21. On P7, the pups are exposed to isoflurane (0.75% in 30% oxygen or air) for 6 h in a temperature-controlled chamber. Animals that are not exposed to anaesthesia nor given artemisinin served as control group, while rats that receive isoflurane alone are grouped as anaesthetic-controls.
References

[1]. Zeng Z, et al. Artemisinin protects PC12 cells against β-amyloid-induced apoptosis through activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Redox Biol. 2017 Apr 4;12:625-633.

[2]. Chekhun VF, et al. Artemisinin modulating effect on human breast cancer cell lines with different sensitivity to cytostatics. Exp Oncol. 2017 Mar;39(1):25-29.

[3]. Xu G, et al. Neuroprotective effects of artemisinin against isoflurane-induced cognitive impairments and neuronal cell death involve JNK/ERK1/2 signalling and improved hippocampal histone acetylation in neonatal rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2017 Mar 12.

[4]. Obeid S, et al. Artemisinin analogues as potent inhibitors of in vitro hepatitis C virus replication. PLoS One. 2013 Dec 11;8(12):e81783.

[5]. Wang HY, et al. The effects of artemisinin on the proliferation and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells of rats. Cell Biochem Funct. 2013 Sep 17.

 Chemical & Physical Properties

Density 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point 389.9±42.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Melting Point 156-157ºC
Molecular Formula C15H22O5
Molecular Weight 282.332
Flash Point 172.0±27.9 °C
Exact Mass 282.146729
PSA 53.99000
LogP 2.27
Vapour Pressure 0.0±0.9 mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction 1.533

 Toxicological Information

CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION

RTECS NUMBER :
KD4170000
CHEMICAL NAME :
3,12-Epoxy-12H-pyranol(4,3-j)-1,2-benzodioxepin-10(3H )-one, octahydro-3,6,9-trimethyl-, (3- alpha,5a-beta,6-beta,8a-beta,9-alpha,12-beta,12aR*)-( +)-
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER :
63968-64-9
LAST UPDATED :
199612
DATA ITEMS CITED :
9
MOLECULAR FORMULA :
C15-H22-O5
MOLECULAR WEIGHT :
282.37

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION :
5576 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Behavioral - altered sleep time (including change in righting reflex) Behavioral - tremor Behavioral - ataxia
REFERENCE :
JTCMEC Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine (English Edition). (All-China Assoc. of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine) V.1- 1981- Volume(issue)/page/year: 2,31,1982
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intramuscular
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - rat
DOSE/DURATION :
2571 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Behavioral - altered sleep time (including change in righting reflex) Behavioral - tremor Behavioral - ataxia
REFERENCE :
JTCMEC Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine (English Edition). (All-China Assoc. of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine) V.1- 1981- Volume(issue)/page/year: 2,31,1982
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION :
4228 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Behavioral - altered sleep time (including change in righting reflex) Behavioral - tremor Behavioral - ataxia
REFERENCE :
JTCMEC Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine (English Edition). (All-China Assoc. of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine) V.1- 1981- Volume(issue)/page/year: 2,31,1982
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intraperitoneal
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION :
1558 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
CMJODS Chinese Medical Journal (Beijing, English Edition). (China International Book Trading Corp., POB 2820, Beijing, Peop. Rep. China) V.1- 1975- Adopted vol. no. 92 in 1979. Volume(issue)/page/year: 92,811,1979
TYPE OF TEST :
LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intramuscular
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION :
2800 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
CMJODS Chinese Medical Journal (Beijing, English Edition). (China International Book Trading Corp., POB 2820, Beijing, Peop. Rep. China) V.1- 1975- Adopted vol. no. 92 in 1979. Volume(issue)/page/year: 92,811,1979
TYPE OF TEST :
LD - Lethal dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Unreported
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION :
>2 gm/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
REFERENCE :
AMACCQ Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. (American Soc. for Microbiology, 1913 I St., NW, Washington, DC 20006) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 37,1108,1993
TYPE OF TEST :
LD - Lethal dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intramuscular
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Mammal - dog
DOSE/DURATION :
>800 mg/kg
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold
REFERENCE :
JTCMEC Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine (English Edition). (All-China Assoc. of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine) V.1- 1981- Volume(issue)/page/year: 2,31,1982 ** OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE TOXICITY DATA **
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Oral
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Rodent - mouse
DOSE/DURATION :
3200 mg/kg/4D-I
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - transaminases
REFERENCE :
CTYAD8 Zhongcaoyao. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Medicine. (China International Book Trading Corp., POB 2820, Beijing, Peop. Rep. China) V.11- 1980- Volume(issue)/page/year: 21,134,1990
TYPE OF TEST :
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
Intramuscular
SPECIES OBSERVED :
Primate - monkey
DOSE/DURATION :
1344 mg/kg/14D-I
TOXIC EFFECTS :
Cardiac - other changes Blood - changes in bone marrow (not otherwise specified) Blood - other changes
REFERENCE :
JTCMEC Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine (English Edition). (All-China Assoc. of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine) V.1- 1981- Volume(issue)/page/year: 2,31,1982

 Safety Information

Personal Protective Equipment Eyeshields;Gloves;type N95 (US);type P1 (EN143) respirator filter
Hazard Codes Xn
Safety Phrases 22-24/25
RIDADR NONH for all modes of transport
WGK Germany 2
RTECS KD4170000
HS Code 2932999099

 Synthetic Route

 Customs

HS Code 2932999099
Summary 2932999099. other heterocyclic compounds with oxygen hetero-atom(s) only. VAT:17.0%. Tax rebate rate:13.0%. . MFN tariff:6.5%. General tariff:20.0%

 Articles114

More Articles
Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Effects of Artemisinin Extracts from Artemisia annua L.

Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 19(1) , 21-7, (2015)

The anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of artemisinin derived from water, methanol, ethanol, or acetone extracts of Artemisia annua L. were evaluated. All 4 artemisinin-conta...

Artemisinin nanoformulation suitable for intravenous injection: Preparation, characterization and antimalarial activities.

Int. J. Pharm. 495 , 671-9, (2015)

More than 40 years after its discovery, artemisinin has become the most promising antimalarial agent. However, no intravenous formulation is available due to its poor aqueous solubility. Here, we repo...

Self-assembled biotransesterified cyclodextrins as potential Artemisinin nanocarriers. II: In vitro behavior toward the immune system and in vivo biodistribution assessment of unloaded nanoparticles.

Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 88(3) , 683-94, (2014)

In a previous study, we reported on the formulation of Artemisinin-loaded surface-decorated nanoparticles (nanospheres and nanoreservoirs) by co-nanoprecipitation of PEG derivatives (PEG1500 and PEG40...

 Synonyms

(3R,5aS,6R,8aS,9R,12S,12aR)-3,6,9-trimethyloctahydro-3,12-epoxy[1,2]dioxepino[4,3-i]isochromen-10(3H)-one
(4S,5R,8S,9R,12S,13R)-1,5,9-Trimethyl-11,14,15,16-tetraoxatetracyclo[10.3.1.0.0]hexadecan-10-one
artemisininum
qinghausu
3,12-Epoxy-12H-pyrano[4,3-j]-1,2-benzodioxepin-10(3H)-one, octahydro-3,6,9-trimethyl-, (5aS,6R,8aS,9R,12S,12aR)-
Artemisinin
UNII-9RMU91N5K2
ARTEANUIN
Quinghaosu
[3R-(3R,5aS,6S,8aS,9R,10R,12S,12aR**)]-Decahydro-3,6,9-trimethyl-3,12-epoxy-12H-pyrano[4,3-j]-1,2-benzodioxepin-10-one
3,12-Epoxy-12H-pyrano[4,3-j]-1,2-benzodioxepin-10(3H)-one, octahydro-3,6,9-trimethyl-, (3R,5aS,6R,8aS,9R,12S,12aR)-
qinghaosu
QINGHAOSA
artemisinine
(+)-artemisinin
MFCD00081057
[3R-(3a,5ab,6b,8ab,9a,12b,12aR*)]-Octahydro-3,6,9-trimethyl-3,12-epoxy-12H-pyrano[4,3-j]-1,2-benzodioxepin-10(3H)-one
qinghausau
ARTEMISINE
QHS
qinghosu
Arteannuin
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