Penicillin G Sodium Salt

Penicillin G sodium salt is a typical β-lactam antibiotic.

Signaling Pathways >> Anti-infection >> Bacterial

Research Areas >> Infection

The Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectrum of the Penicillin G sodium salt-TEM-1 system is markedly different to that of Penicillin G sodium salt and TEM-1 β-lactamase, indicating the formation of new complexes between Penicillin G sodium salt and TEM-1 β-lactamase. The UV-Vis absorption of TEM-1 β-lactamase increases and a slight red-shift occurs as the concentration of Penicillin G sodium salt increasing, indicating that the interaction between Penicillin G sodium salt and TEM-1 β-lactamase results in subtle conformational changes of TEM-1 β-lactamase[1].

In the logistic regression model, the probability of a positive swab in the control group is 1.6 times higher than that in the pigs treated with Penicillin G sodium salt (P<0.05). In the control group, the risk of a swab having 10 to 99 colonies per plate, compare to having zero per plate, is 2.3 times greater than that in the pigs treated with Penicillin G sodium salt (P=0.022)[2].

At 278 K, various concentrations of Penicillin G sodium salt, cefalexin and cefoxitin solutions are added to TEM-1β-lactamase solution (5×10-6 M). The concentrations of the three antibiotics are gradually increased from 0 to 25×10-6 M. Following mixing and interaction for 2 min, the Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectra are recorded on a spectrophotometer with a slit of 2 nm and scanning speed of 400 nm/min using 0.02 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) as a reference[1].

A randomized complete block design with 2 replicates is used for this study. Each replicate includes 448 pigs, with 16 pens and 28 pigs per pen. Pigs are also sorted by weight; such that animals of similar weight based on visual observation are grouped together within blocks. Two treatments are randomly assigned within each block of 2 contiguous pens using a formal randomization process. The treatment groups are Control (no treatment given) and Treated (Penicillin G sodium salt). Penicillin G sodium salt is administered via the drinking water for 5 d over 2 periods of treatment. The first treatment period commences on the day of weaning, when the pigs are moved into the nursery barns (Day 1) and ends on Day 5. The second treatment period begins on Day 21 and ends on Day 25. The Control group does not receive treatment[2].

[1]. Yang J, et al. Spectroscopic analysis and docking simulation on the recognition and binding of TEM-1 β-lactamase with β-lactam antibiotics. Exp Ther Med. 2017 Oct;14(4):3288-3298.

[2]. Byra C, et al. Decreased mortality of weaned pigs with Streptococcus suis with the use of in-water potassium penicillin G. Can Vet J. 2011 Mar;52(3):272-6.

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MOLECULAR FORMULA :

C16-H17-N2-O4-S.Na

MOLECULAR WEIGHT :

356.40

WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :

T45 ANV ESTJ CMV1R& F1 F1 GVQ

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

6916 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Behavioral - tremor Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Gastrointestinal - other changes

REFERENCE :

AMPMAR Archives des Maladies Professionnelles de Medecine du Travail et de Securite Sociale. (SPPIF, B.P.22, F-41353 Vineuil, France) V.7- 1946- Volume(issue)/page/year: 39,259,1978

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

3020 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Cardiac - other changes Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - respiratory depression

REFERENCE :

ARZNAD Arzneimittel-Forschung. Drug Research. (Editio Cantor Verlag, Postfach 1255, W-7960 Aulendorf, Fed. Rep. Ger.) V.1- 1951- Volume(issue)/page/year: 9,31,1959

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Parenteral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

2900 ug/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

AACHAX Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (1961-70). (Ann Arbor, MI) 1961-70. For publisher information, see AMACCQ. Volume(issue)/page/year: -,863,1965

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

>4 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

ABANAE Antibiotics Annual. (New York, NY) 1953-60. For publisher information, see AMACCQ. Volume(issue)/page/year: 3,540,1955/1956

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

3314 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

ABANAE Antibiotics Annual. (New York, NY) 1953-60. For publisher information, see AMACCQ. Volume(issue)/page/year: 3,540,1955/1956

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

4750 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

NYKZAU Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. (Nippon Yakuri Gakkai, c/o Kyoto Daigaku Igakubu Yakurigaku Kyoshitsu, Konoe-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan) V.40- 1944- Volume(issue)/page/year: 55,23,1959

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

1500 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral - changes in motor activity (specific assay) Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes

REFERENCE :

ARZNAD Arzneimittel-Forschung. Drug Research. (Editio Cantor Verlag, Postfach 1255, W-7960 Aulendorf, Fed. Rep. Ger.) V.1- 1951- Volume(issue)/page/year: 9,31,1959

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intramuscular

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

2800 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

ARZNAD Arzneimittel-Forschung. Drug Research. (Editio Cantor Verlag, Postfach 1255, W-7960 Aulendorf, Fed. Rep. Ger.) V.1- 1951- Volume(issue)/page/year: 9,31,1959

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intracerebral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

3800 ug/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold

REFERENCE :

NYKZAU Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. (Nippon Yakuri Gakkai, c/o Kyoto Daigaku Igakubu Yakurigaku Kyoshitsu, Konoe-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan) V.40- 1944- Volume(issue)/page/year: 55,23,1959

TYPE OF TEST :

LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - guinea pig

DOSE/DURATION :

150 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Gastrointestinal - other changes Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - other changes

REFERENCE :

ARZNAD Arzneimittel-Forschung. Drug Research. (Editio Cantor Verlag, Postfach 1255, W-7960 Aulendorf, Fed. Rep. Ger.) V.1- 1951- Volume(issue)/page/year: 9,31,1959

TYPE OF TEST :

LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intramuscular

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - guinea pig

DOSE/DURATION :

60 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

LBASAE Laboratory Animal Science. (American Assoc. for Laboratory Animal Science, 210 N. Hammes Ave., Suite 205, Joliet, IL 60435) V.21- 1971- Volume(issue)/page/year: 30,524,1980 ** TUMORIGENIC DATA **

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

1840 mg/kg/46W-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Tumorigenic - equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Blood - lymphoma, including Hodgkin's disease Tumorigenic - tumors at site of application

REFERENCE :

BJCAAI British Journal of Cancer. (Macmillan Press Ltd., Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hants. RG21 2XS, UK) V.1- 1947- Volume(issue)/page/year: 15,85,1961 ** REPRODUCTIVE DATA **

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

1500 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 6-11 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

REFERENCE :

ANTBAL Antibiotiki. (Moscow, USSR) V.1-29, 1956-84. For publisher information, see AMBIEH. Volume(issue)/page/year: 18,815,1973

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Subcutaneous

DOSE :

1500 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 1-5 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

REFERENCE :

ANTBAL Antibiotiki. (Moscow, USSR) V.1-29, 1956-84. For publisher information, see AMBIEH. Volume(issue)/page/year: 18,815,1973

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Subcutaneous

DOSE :

30 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 14 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)

REFERENCE :

CRSBAW Comptes Rendus des Seances de la Societe de Biologie et de Ses Filiales. (SPPIF, B.P.22, F-41353 Vineuil, France) V.1- 1849- Volume(issue)/page/year: 158,528,1964 *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - X4380 No. of Facilities: 137 (estimated) No. of Industries: 1 No. of Occupations: 5 No. of Employees: 7315 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 5985 (estimated)