Naloxone HCl

Naloxone hydrochloride is a potent opioid receptor antagonist.

Signaling Pathways >> GPCR/G Protein >> Opioid Receptor

Signaling Pathways >> Neuronal Signaling >> Opioid Receptor

Research Areas >> Neurological Disease

Naloxone (2.0 mg/kg with constant infusion of 1.7 mg/kg/h) causes a significant improvement in neurobehavioral outcome which persists up to 4 weeks postinjury in rat. Naloxone treatment causes a modest and nonsignificant increase in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP)[1]. Naloxone (0.4 mg/kg) causes memory facilitation and antagonizes the amnestic effect of ACTH and epinephrine in rat[2]. Naloxone treatment diminishes the strength of the initial tetanus in a dose-related manner in cats. Naloxone (5 or 10 mg/kg, i.v.) causes subsequent doses of morphine to produce less PTP depression but has no effect on maximal twitch depression[3].

Young adult Wistar rats are used in the assay: females for experiments l and 3 (age 50-70 days, weight 100-185 g) and males for experiments 2 and 4 (age 51-69 days, weight 140-200 g). The same apparatus is used for both: a 50×25×25 cm box made of plywood with a frontal glass wall, whose floor consists of 1 mm-caliber bronze bars spaced l0 mm apart. In task l, a 5 cm high, 25×25 cm wooden platform is introduced into the box so as to cover the left half of the grid. Rats are held gently by their bodies and loared onto the platform facing the rear left corner, at which time a quartz chronometer is activated. Time is counted until the animals stepped down from the platform and placed their four paws on the grid, upon which a 0.5 mA, 60 Hz footshock is continuously delivered until the animals return to the platform. In task 2 the platform is only 7 cm wide and covered only the leftmost seven bars of the grid; the footshock is of only 0.3 mA and is delivered in 0.4 msec pulses once every 2 sec until the animals climb back onto the platform. Immediately after training in each task the animals are withdrawn from the box injected i.p. with one of the following: saline (1.0 mL/kg), ACTH1-24 (0.2 or 2.0 μg/kg), epinephrine HCl (5.0 or 50.0 μg/kg), human β-endorphin (0.1 or 1.0 μg/kg), naloxone HCl (0.4 mg/kg), or ACTH or epinephrine given together with either β-endorphin or naloxone. All drugs are dissolved in saline to an injection volume of 1.0 mL/kg. Twenty-four hr after training the animals again are placed on the platform (the wide one for task 1, experiments 1 and 2, and the narrow one for task 2, experiments 3 and 4), and their latency to stepdown onto the grid again is measured as in the training session. A ceiling of 180 sec is imposed on this measure.

[1]. McIntosh TK, et al. Beneficial effect of the nonselective opiate antagonist naloxone hydrochloride and the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) analog YM-14673 on long-term neurobehavioral outcome following experimental brain injury in the rat. J Neurotrau  

[2]. Sun L, et al. Endocannabinoid activation of CB1 receptors contributes to long-lasting reversal of neuropathic pain by repetitive spinal cord stimulation. Eur J Pain. 2017 May;21(5):804-814.  

[3]. Izquierdo I, et al. Effect of ACTH, epinephrine, beta-endorphin, naloxone, and of the combination of naloxone or beta-endorphinwith ACTH or epinephrine on memory consolidation. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1983;8(1):81-7.  

[4]. Soteropoulos GC, et al. Neuromuscular effects of morphine and naloxone. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1973 Jan;184(1):136-42.  

MOLECULAR FORMULA :

C19-H21-N-O4.Cl-H

MOLECULAR WEIGHT :

363.87

WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :

T B6566 B6/CO 4ABBC R BX FV HO PN GHT&&TTJ CQ JQ P2U1 &GH

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Human - woman

DOSE/DURATION :

32 ug/kg/3M-C

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Cardiac - pulse rate increase, without fall in BP Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - acute pulmonary edema Skin and Appendages - sweating

REFERENCE :

AEMED3 Annals of Emergency Medicine. (American College of Emergency Physicians, 1125 Executive Circle, Irving, TX 75038) Volume(issue)/page/year: 16,1294,1987

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Human - man

DOSE/DURATION :

13 ug/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold

REFERENCE :

AJEMEN American Journal of Emergency Medicine. (WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA) V.1- 1983- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,127,1989

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

>1 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Gastrointestinal - changes in structure or function of salivary glands Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea

REFERENCE :

YKYUA6 Yakkyoku. Pharmacy. (Nanzando, 4-1-11, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan) V.1- 1950- Volume(issue)/page/year: 36,655,1985

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

239 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

IYKEDH Iyakuhin Kenkyu. Study of Medical Supplies. (Nippon Koteisho Kyokai, 12-15, 2-chome, Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150, Japan) V.1- 1970- Volume(issue)/page/year: 16,357,1985

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

500 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Gastrointestinal - changes in structure or function of salivary glands Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea

REFERENCE :

YKYUA6 Yakkyoku. Pharmacy. (Nanzando, 4-1-11, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan) V.1- 1950- Volume(issue)/page/year: 36,655,1985

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

107 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Gastrointestinal - changes in structure or function of salivary glands Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea

REFERENCE :

YKYUA6 Yakkyoku. Pharmacy. (Nanzando, 4-1-11, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan) V.1- 1950- Volume(issue)/page/year: 36,655,1985

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

>1 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Gastrointestinal - changes in structure or function of salivary glands Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea

REFERENCE :

YKYUA6 Yakkyoku. Pharmacy. (Nanzando, 4-1-11, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan) V.1- 1950- Volume(issue)/page/year: 36,655,1985

TYPE OF TEST :

LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

80 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

RCOCB8 Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology. (PJD Pub. Ltd., P.O. Box 966, Westbury, NY 11590) V.1- 1970- Volume(issue)/page/year: 17,255,1977

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

286 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

JMCMAR Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. (American Chemical Soc., Distribution Office Dept. 223, POB POB 57136, West End Stn., Washington, DC 20037) V.6- 1963- Volume(issue)/page/year: 20,844,1977

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

90 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Gastrointestinal - changes in structure or function of salivary glands Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea

REFERENCE :

YKYUA6 Yakkyoku. Pharmacy. (Nanzando, 4-1-11, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan) V.1- 1950- Volume(issue)/page/year: 36,655,1985 ** REPRODUCTIVE DATA **

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intraperitoneal

DOSE :

560 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 7-20 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral

REFERENCE :

NTOTDY Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology. (Fayetteville, NY) V.3-8, 1981-86. For publisher information, see NETEEC. Volume(issue)/page/year: 3,295,1981

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Subcutaneous

DOSE :

18 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 14-22 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain) Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral

REFERENCE :

NTOTDY Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology. (Fayetteville, NY) V.3-8, 1981-86. For publisher information, see NETEEC. Volume(issue)/page/year: 5,479,1983

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Subcutaneous

DOSE :

75 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 4-18 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral

REFERENCE :

NETEEC Neurotoxicology and Teratology. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.9- 1987- Volume(issue)/page/year: 11,441,1989

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intravenous

DOSE :

1800 ug/kg

SEX/DURATION :

lactating female 1 day(s) post-birth

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Maternal Effects - other effects Endocrine - changes in luteinizing hormone

REFERENCE :

THGNBO Theriogenology. (Geron-X, Inc., P.O. Box 1108, Los Altos, CA 94022) V.1- 1974- Volume(issue)/page/year: 39,1193,1993

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intravenous

DOSE :

3 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

lactating female 2 hour(s) post-birth

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - endocrine system

REFERENCE :

BIREBV Biology of Reproduction. (Soc. for the Study of Reproduction, 309 W. Clark St., Champaign, IL 61820) V.1- 1969- Volume(issue)/page/year: 39,532,1988 *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - X5315 No. of Facilities: 152 (estimated) No. of Industries: 1 No. of Occupations: 5 No. of Employees: 10824 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 9407 (estimated)