METHYLENE BLUE

Methylene blue (Basic Blue 9) hydrate is a guanylyl cyclase (sGC), monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor. Methylene blue is a vasopressor and is often used as a dye in several medical procedures. Methylene blue hydrate through the nitric oxide syntase/guanylate cyclase signalling pathway to reduce prepulse inhibition. Methylene blue hydrate is a REDOX cycling compound and able to cross the blood-brain barrier. Methylene blue hydrate is a Tau aggregation inhibitor. Methylene blue hydrate reduces cerebral edema, attenuated microglial activation and reduced neuroinflammation[1][2][3].

Research Areas >> Cancer

Research Areas >> Infection

Signaling Pathways >> Cell Cycle/DNA Damage >> Microtubule/Tubulin

Signaling Pathways >> Immunology/Inflammation >> NO Synthase

Signaling Pathways >> Neuronal Signaling >> Monoamine Oxidase

Research Areas >> Inflammation/Immunology

Signaling Pathways >> Cytoskeleton >> Microtubule/Tubulin

Signaling Pathways >> GPCR/G Protein >> Guanylate Cyclase

Methylene blue (Basic Blue 9) hydrate (4.5 μM; BV2 microglia) alters the immune profile of LPS-activated BV2 microglia and decreased the level of CD14, IL-1β, TNF-α, and CCL2 mRNA[3].

Methylene blue (Basic Blue 9) hydrate (50 and 100 mg/kg; i.p.; once, for 25 min; male NMRI mice) reduces absent prepulse inhibition[1]. Methylene blue (Basic Blue 9) hydrate (20 and 40 mg/kg; p.o.; daily, for 6 months; CaMKIIα-tTA transactivator mice) preserves cognition in mice expressing full-length pro-aggregant human Tau[2]. Methylene blue (Basic Blue 9) hydrate (2 mg/kg; i.v.; once, for 1 d; TBI-treated male BALB/c mice) reduces TBI-induced edema and neuroinflammation and reduces acute depression-like behavior[3]. Methylene blue (Basic Blue 9) hydrate (2 mg/kg; i.v.; once, for 1 d; TBI-treated male BALB/c mice) reduces the percentage of inflammatory factor[3]. Animal Model: Male NMRI mice[1] Dosage: 50 and 100 mg/kg Administration: Intraperitoneal injection; once, for 25 minutes Result: Reduced the prepulse inhibition and reduced the increase in locomotor activity caused by phencyclidine (PCP). Animal Model: CaMKIIα-tTA transactivator mice[2] Dosage: 20 and 40 mg/kg Administration: Oral administration; daily, for 6 months Result: Inhibited Tau aggregation in CaMKIIα-tTA transactivator mice. Animal Model: TBI-treated male BALB/c mice[3] Dosage: 2 mg/kg Administration: Intravenous injection; once, for 1 day Result: Decreased the level of CD14, IL-1β, TNF-α, and CCL2 mRNA. Animal Model: TBI-treated male BALB/c mice[3] Dosage: 2 mg/kg Administration: Intravenous injection; once, for 1 day Result: Reduced the percentage of myeloid (CD11b+/GR1+) cells, reduced IL-1β and enhanced IL-10 expression in microglia.

[1]. Klamer D, et, al. Phencyclidine-induced behaviour in mice prevented by methylene blue. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2004 Feb;94(2):65-72.

[2]. Hochgräfe K, et, al. Preventive methylene blue treatment preserves cognition in mice expressing full-length pro-aggregant human Tau. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2015 May 10;3:25.

[3]. Fenn AM, et, al. Methylene blue attenuates traumatic brain injury-associated neuroinflammation and acute depressive-like behavior in mice. J Neurotrauma. 2015 Jan 15;32(2):127-38.