Epinephrine bitartrate

L-Epinephrine bitartrate is an α-adrenergic and β-adrenergic receptor agonist. L-Epinephrine is a hormone secreted by the medulla of the adrenal glands.

Signaling Pathways >> GPCR/G Protein >> Adrenergic Receptor

Research Areas >> Neurological Disease

A 25 microliter volume of a 1-% L-epinephrine borate solution applied on the cornea of one eye in 12 monkeys reduces blood flow through the iris and the ciliary body by 59% and 20%, respectively, compared to the untreated control eyes[1]. Epinephrine is a direct-acting sympathomimetic α-adrenergic and β-adrenergic agonist with cyclic adenosine monophosphate-mediated, complex, bidirectional pharmacologic effects on many target organs[2]. In young adult rats, endogenous release of epinephrine facilitates stable memory formation for temporally associated events. Epinephrine enhances memory in young adult rats, in part, by increasing blood glucose levels needed to modulate memory[3]. Epinephrine is the primary drug administered during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to reverse cardiac arrest. Epinephrine increases arterial blood pressure and coronary perfusion during CPR via alpha-1-adrenoceptor agonist effects[4].

[1]. Alm A, et al. The effect of topical l-epinephrine on regional ocular blood flow in monkeys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1980 May;19(5):487-91.

[2]. Simons FE, et al. First-aid treatment of anaphylaxis to food: focus on epinephrine. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004 May;113(5):837-44.

[3]. Morris KA, et al. Epinephrine and glucose modulate training-related CREB phosphorylation in old rats: relationships to age-related memory impairments. Exp Gerontol. 2013 Feb;48(2):115-27.

[4]. Callaway CW, et al. Epinephrine for cardiac arrest. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2013 Jan;28(1):36-42.

Isoprenaline hydrochloride | ICI 118,551 (hydrochloride) | Phenylephrine hydrochloride | Yohimbine hydrochloride | Adrenaline | Ivabradine hydrochloride | Prazosin hydrochloride | Clenbuterol hydrochloride | Phentolamine mesilate | guanfacine hydrochloride | pimozide | Sotalol hydrochloride | Carvedilol | Atenolol | Metroprolol succinate

MOLECULAR WEIGHT :

333.33

WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :

QR BQ DYQ1M1 &QVYQYQVQ -L -D

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

8300 ug/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

82 ug/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

4 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

7800 ug/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Cardiac - cardiomyopathy including infarction

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

11100 ug/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

1780 ug/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :

LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Parenteral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Amphibian - frog

DOSE/DURATION :

800 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Peripheral Nerve and Sensation - spastic paralysis with or without sensory change Cardiac - other changes Gastrointestinal - other changes

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

76 mg/kg/42D-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Cardiac - other changes Liver - other changes Biochemical - Metabolism (Intermediary) - lipids including transport

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Subcutaneous

DOSE :

2400 ug/kg

SEX/DURATION :

male 2 day(s) pre-mating

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Paternal Effects - spermatogenesis (incl. genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)

MUTATION DATA

TYPE OF TEST :

DNA inhibition

TEST SYSTEM :

Rodent - mouse Cells - not otherwise specified

DOSE/DURATION :

1 umol/L

REFERENCE :

CNREA8 Cancer Research. (Public Ledger Building, Suit 816, 6th & Chestnut Sts., Philadelphia, PA 19106) V.1- 1941- Volume(issue)/page/year: 43,3514,1983 *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOHS - National Occupational Hazard Survey (1974) NOHS Hazard Code - 82895 No. of Facilities: 14 (estimated) No. of Industries: 1 No. of Occupations: 3 No. of Employees: 504 (estimated) NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - 82895 No. of Facilities: 34 (estimated) No. of Industries: 1 No. of Occupations: 3 No. of Employees: 1721 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 1639 (estimated)