DL-Adrenalin

DL-Epinephrine is the racemate of epinephrine. L-Epinephrine is a hormone secreted by the medulla of the adrenal glands. L-Epinephrine is an α-adrenergic and β-adrenergic receptor agonist.

Signaling Pathways >> GPCR/G Protein >> Adrenergic Receptor

Research Areas >> Neurological Disease

A 25 microliter volume of a 1-% L-epinephrine borate solution applied on the cornea of one eye in 12 monkeys reduces blood flow through the iris and the ciliary body by 59% and 20%, respectively, compared to the untreated control eyes[1]. Epinephrine is a direct-acting sympathomimetic α-adrenergic and β-adrenergic agonist with cyclic adenosine monophosphate-mediated, complex, bidirectional pharmacologic effects on many target organs[2]. In young adult rats, endogenous release of epinephrine facilitates stable memory formation for temporally associated events. Epinephrine enhances memory in young adult rats, in part, by increasing blood glucose levels needed to modulate memory[3]. Epinephrine is the primary drug administered during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to reverse cardiac arrest. Epinephrine increases arterial blood pressure and coronary perfusion during CPR via alpha-1-adrenoceptor agonist effects[4].

Rats: For the immunohistochemistry experiments, rats receive an immediate post-training subcutaneous injection of saline (0.9%), glucose (250 mg/kg), or epinephrine (0.1 mg/kg) and are then returned to the holding cage[3].

[1]. Alm A, et al. The effect of topical l-epinephrine on regional ocular blood flow in monkeys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1980 May;19(5):487-91.

[2]. Simons FE, et al. First-aid treatment of anaphylaxis to food: focus on epinephrine. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004 May;113(5):837-44.

[3]. Morris KA, et al. Epinephrine and glucose modulate training-related CREB phosphorylation in old rats: relationships to age-related memory impairments. Exp Gerontol. 2013 Feb;48(2):115-27.

[4]. Callaway CW, et al. Epinephrine for cardiac arrest. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2013 Jan;28(1):36-42.

Isoprenaline hydrochloride | ICI 118,551 (hydrochloride) | Phenylephrine hydrochloride | Yohimbine hydrochloride | Adrenaline | Ivabradine hydrochloride | Prazosin hydrochloride | Clenbuterol hydrochloride | Phentolamine mesilate | guanfacine hydrochloride | pimozide | Sotalol hydrochloride | Carvedilol | Atenolol | Metroprolol succinate

DATA ITEMS CITED :

8

MOLECULAR FORMULA :

C9-H13-N-O3

MOLECULAR WEIGHT :

183.23

WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :

QR BQ DYQ1M1

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

70 ug/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Behavioral - muscle weakness Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea

REFERENCE :

JPETAB Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. (Williams & Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202) V.1- 1909/10- Volume(issue)/page/year: 95,502,1949

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

7800 ug/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

PSEBAA Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1903/04- Volume(issue)/page/year: 68,501,1948

TYPE OF TEST :

LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

12 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

85IXA4 "Structure et Activite Pharmacodyanmique des Medicaments du Systeme Nerveux Vegetatif," Bovet, D., and F. Bovet-Nitti, New York, S. Karger, 1948 Volume(issue)/page/year: -,57,1948

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

3400 ug/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - acute pulmonary edema Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - inflammation, necrosis, or scarring of bladder

REFERENCE :

JPETAB Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. (Williams & Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202) V.1- 1909/10- Volume(issue)/page/year: 95,502,1949

TYPE OF TEST :

LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intravenous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rabbit

DOSE/DURATION :

250 ug/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

85IXA4 "Structure et Activite Pharmacodyanmique des Medicaments du Systeme Nerveux Vegetatif," Bovet, D., and F. Bovet-Nitti, New York, S. Karger, 1948 Volume(issue)/page/year: -,57,1948 *** REVIEWS *** TOXICOLOGY REVIEW CHREAY Chemical Reviews. (American Chemical Soc., Distribution Office Dept. 223, POB 57136, West End Stn., Washington, DC 20037) V.1- 1924- Volume(issue)/page/year: 9,389,1931 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW ADVPA3 Advances in Pharmacology. (New York, NY) V.1-6, 1962-68. For publisher information, see AVPCAQ. Volume(issue)/page/year: 4,263,1966 *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - X4149 No. of Facilities: 399 (estimated) No. of Industries: 1 No. of Occupations: 5 No. of Employees: 8846 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 6257 (estimated)