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| 中文名 | 镝 |
|---|---|
| 英文名 | dysprosium atom |
| 英文别名 |
disprosio
Dysprosium Ion Dysprosium 66Dy EINECS 231-073-9 MFCD00010982 |
| 密度 | 8.559 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.) |
|---|---|
| 沸点 | 2567 °C(lit.) |
| 熔点 | 1412 °C(lit.) |
| 分子式 | Dy |
| 分子量 | 162.500 |
| 精确质量 | 163.929199 |
| 外观性状 | 金属锭 |
| 储存条件 | 放入紧封的储藏器内，储存于阴凉、干燥、通风良好的库房。远离火种、热源。应与氧化剂、卤素等分开存放，切忌混储。 |
| 稳定性 | 坚硬，性质活泼，易被氧气氧化，与水反应迅速，溶于酸。避免接触酸，空气和潮湿的水分。 不溶于冷水和热水，溶于酸。在空气中表面被氧化变暗。是较活泼的金属。常见氧化态+3。加热时与硫、磷等非金属反应。可与许多金属形成合金。捕获热中子能力较强。可用于测量中子流量，用作磷的荧光活化剂、原子核反应堆燃料等。 |
| 计算化学 | 1.疏水参数计算参考值（XlogP）:无 2.氢键供体数量:0 3.氢键受体数量:0 4.可旋转化学键数量:0 5.互变异构体数量:无 6.拓扑分子极性表面积0 7.重原子数量:1 8.表面电荷:0 9.复杂度:0 10.同位素原子数量:0 11.确定原子立构中心数量:0 12.不确定原子立构中心数量:0 13.确定化学键立构中心数量:0 14.不确定化学键立构中心数量:0 15.共价键单元数量:1 |
| 更多 | 1. 性状：白色六方紧密堆积晶格金属。 2. 密度（g/mL,25℃）：8.55 3. 相对蒸汽密度（g/mL,空气=1）：未确定 4. 熔点（ºC）：1407 5. 沸点（ºC,常压）：2335 6. 沸点（ºC,5.2kPa）：未确定 7. 折射率：未确定 8. 闪点（ºC）：未确定 9. 比旋光度（º）：未确定 10. 自燃点或引燃温度（ºC）：未确定 11. 蒸气压（mmHg,ºC）：未确定 12. 饱和蒸气压（kPa, ºC）：未确定 13. 燃烧热（KJ/mol）：未确定 14. 临界温度（ºC）：未确定 15. 临界压力（KPa）：未确定 16. 油水（辛醇/水）分配系数的对数值：未确定 17. 爆炸上限（%,V/V）：未确定 18. 爆炸下限（%,V/V）：未确定 19. 溶解性：溶于酸 |
Synonym:None Section 2 - COMPOSITION, INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
Risk Phrases: None Listed. Section 3 - HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION EMERGENCY OVERVIEW
Moisture sensitive.Air sensitive.The toxicological properties of this material have not been fully investigated. Potential Health Effects Eye: May cause eye irritation. Skin: May cause skin irritation. Ingestion: May cause irritation of the digestive tract. The toxicological properties of this substance have not been fully investigated. Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation. The toxicological properties of this substance have not been fully investigated. Chronic: No information found. Section 4 - FIRST AID MEASURES Eyes: Flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids. Get medical aid. Skin: Get medical aid. Flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing before reuse. Ingestion: Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical aid. Do NOT induce vomiting. If conscious and alert, rinse mouth and drink 2-4 cupfuls of milk or water. Inhalation: Remove from exposure and move to fresh air immediately. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical aid. Notes to Physician: Antidote: None reported. Section 5 - FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES General Information: As in any fire, wear a self-contained breathing apparatus in pressure-demand, MSHA/NIOSH (approved or equivalent), and full protective gear. During a fire, irritating and highly toxic gases may be generated by thermal decomposition or combustion. Extinguishing Media: Do NOT get water inside containers. Use water spray, dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or appropriate foam. Section 6 - ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES General Information: Use proper personal protective equipment as indicated in Section 8. Spills/Leaks: Clean up spills immediately, observing precautions in the Protective Equipment section. Sweep up or absorb material, then place into a suitable clean, dry, closed container for disposal. Avoid generating dusty conditions. Provide ventilation. Place under an inert atmosphere. Do not get water inside containers. Section 7 - HANDLING and STORAGE Handling: Wash thoroughly after handling. Use with adequate ventilation. Minimize dust generation and accumulation. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing. Keep container tightly closed. Avoid ingestion and inhalation. Handle under an inert atmosphere. Store protected from air. Do not allow contact with water. Keep from contact with moist air and steam. Storage: Store in a tightly closed container. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible substances. Do not expose to air. Store protected from moisture. Store under an inert atmosphere. Section 8 - EXPOSURE CONTROLS, PERSONAL PROTECTION Engineering Controls: Facilities storing or utilizing this material should be equipped with an eyewash facility and a safety shower. Use adequate ventilation to keep airborne concentrations low. Exposure Limits CAS# 7429-91-6: Personal Protective Equipment Eyes: Wear appropriate protective eyeglasses or chemical safety goggles as described by OSHA's eye and face protection regulations in 29 CFR 1910.133 or European Standard EN166. Skin: Wear appropriate protective gloves to prevent skin exposure. Clothing: Wear appropriate protective clothing to prevent skin exposure. Respirators: A respiratory protection program that meets OSHA's 29 CFR 1910.134 and ANSI Z88.2 requirements or European Standard EN 149 must be followed whenever workplace conditions warrant respirator use. Section 9 - PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Physical State: Shavings Color: grey Odor: Not available. pH: Not available. Vapor Pressure: Not available. Viscosity: Not available. Boiling Point: Not available. Freezing/Melting Point: 1412 deg C Autoignition Temperature: Not available. Flash Point: Not available. Explosion Limits, lower: Not available. Explosion Limits, upper: Not available. Decomposition Temperature: Solubility in water: Specific Gravity/Density: 8.5500 Molecular Formula: Dy Molecular Weight: 162.50 Section 10 - STABILITY AND REACTIVITY Chemical Stability: Tarnishes when exposed to moist air. Conditions to Avoid: Incompatible materials, dust generation, moisture, exposure to air. Incompatibilities with Other Materials: Strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, halogens, moisture, air. Hazardous Decomposition Products: Irritating and toxic fumes and gases, Nature of decomposition products unknown.. Hazardous Polymerization: Has not been reported Section 11 - TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION RTECS#: CAS# 7429-91-6 unlisted. LD50/LC50: Not available. Carcinogenicity: Dysprosium - Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, or NTP. Section 12 - ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION Section 13 - DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS Dispose of in a manner consistent with federal, state, and local regulations. Section 14 - TRANSPORT INFORMATION IATA Not regulated as a hazardous material. IMO Not regulated as a hazardous material. RID/ADR Not regulated as a hazardous material. Section 15 - REGULATORY INFORMATION European/International Regulations European Labeling in Accordance with EC Directives Hazard Symbols: Not available. Risk Phrases: Safety Phrases: S 24/25 Avoid contact with skin and eyes. S 28A After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of water. S 37 Wear suitable gloves. S 45 In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label where possible). WGK (Water Danger/Protection) CAS# 7429-91-6: No information available. Canada CAS# 7429-91-6 is listed on Canada's NDSL List. CAS# 7429-91-6 is not listed on Canada's Ingredient Disclosure List. US FEDERAL TSCA CAS# 7429-91-6 is listed on the TSCA inventory. SECTION 16 - ADDITIONAL INFORMATION N/A |
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生态学数据: 通常情况下对水是无危害的。
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| 个人防护装备 | Eyeshields;full-face particle respirator type N100 (US);Gloves;respirator cartridge type N100 (US);type P1 (EN143) respirator filter;type P3 (EN 143) respirator cartridges |
|---|---|
| 危害码 (欧洲) | Xi:Irritant; |
| 风险声明 (欧洲) | 11 |
| 安全声明 (欧洲) | S22-S24/25-S36/37/39-S33-S16 |
| 危险品运输编码 | UN 3089 4.1/PG 2 |
| WGK德国 | 3 |
| 包装等级 | III |
| 危险类别 | 8 |
中间合金法。中间合金法适用于制备熔点高、沸点低的重稀土金属，如金属镝、镥等。
由于在炉料中添加了熔点低、蒸气压高的合金化组元金属镁和氯化钙造渣剂，因而降低了稀土金属和氟化钙渣的熔点。显著降低了钙热还原的温度，只需950～1100℃。由于还原温度较低，减少了稀土金属对坩埚材料的腐蚀，故可用钛材坩埚代替钽材坩埚。
中间合金法分两个工艺步骤：第一步是还原制备稀土镁合金；第二步是真空蒸馏除去合金中的镁和钙，得到海绵状稀土金属。用该法还原制备金属镝时，镁和氯化钙配料分别按原子比Dy∶Mg=1∶1,CaCl2∶CaF2(质量分数)=52∶48，还原剂钙过量10%～25%。还原温度为970℃。还原是在氩气氛中进行。还原设备见图III-13
图III-13 金属镝的还原装置图
图III-13中反应罐是由不锈钢制成的，可接真空系统和氩气。外部加热炉可用硅碳棒电阻炉。将块状的钙和镁装入还原坩埚中，CaCl2和DyF3装入加料器内，安装好设备。连接真空系统，抽空到1～0.1Pa后将还原设备放到加热炉内，继续抽真空。加热至750℃后充入氩气，继续升温至900℃。在金属镁、钙全部熔化后把DyF3和CaCl2加入反应坩埚中，并将温度升至950℃，保温20～30min，以使炉料充分反应。反应完成后，提出反应罐使其与水平线成30o角，并快速冷却。然后取出坩埚，倒出炉料得到DyMg合金。金属镁、钙的蒸气压明显高于金属镝的蒸气压，因此在镝镁合金熔点以下于高真空炉中进行蒸馏可除去镁和钙，而得到海绵状镝金属。蒸馏前将合金破碎成5～10mm的小块，置于蒸馏罐内(见图III-14)，进行真空蒸馏。蒸馏过程中真空度要保持不低于6.5×10-3Pa。并逐渐升温至900℃并保温数小时。随着合金中镁含量不断减少，合金的熔点也逐步升高，此时可以提高
中间合金法制备
图III-14 蒸馏设备示意图
1—坩埚底垫；2—稀土镁合金；3—坩埚；
4—不锈钢衬套；5—挡板；6—硅碳棒电炉；
7—不锈钢蒸馏罐；8—热电偶
蒸馏温度至970℃并保温约20h，然后将蒸馏罐冷至室温，取出金属。金属的回收率可达94%。镝的纯度可达99.7%。