阿斯巴甜

阿斯巴甜用途

【用途一】
用作食品添加剂，是高甜度营养甜味剂
【用途二】
天冬甜素是人工合成低热量甜味剂，常与蔗糖或其他甜味剂并用。可用于各类食品，按生产需要适量使用，一般用量为0.5g/kg。
【用途三】
非营养型甜味剂。增香剂。
【用途四】
按我国GB2760-90规定可用于各类食品，最大使用量视正常生产需要而定。按FAO/WHO（1984）规定，可用于甜食，用量0.3%，胶姆糖1.0%，饮料0.1%，早餐谷物0.5%，以及配制用于糖尿病，高血压、肥胖症、心血管患者的低糖类、低热量保健食品，用量视需要而定。亦可用作风味增强剂。

阿斯巴甜名称

[ CAS 号 ]:
22839-47-0

[ 中文名 ]:
阿斯巴甜

[ 英文名 ]:
Aspartame

[中文别名 ]:

[英文别名 ]:

tri-sweet
Aspartylphenylalanine methyl ester
Methyl L-α-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninate
Zero-Cal
Aspartame
Equal
Canderel
N-L-α-Aspartyl-L-phenylalanine 1-Methyl Ester
mer
Asp-Phe-Ome

阿斯巴甜生物活性

[ 描述 ]:

Aspartame是人造非糖类甜味剂。

[ 相关类别 ]:

信号通路 >> 其他 >> 其他

研究领域 >> 其他

[参考文献]

[1]. Magnuson, B.A., et al., Aspartame: a safety evaluation based on current use levels, regulations, and toxicological and epidemiological studies. Crit Rev Toxicol, 2007. 37(8): p. 629-727.

[2]. Butchko, H.H., et al., Aspartame: review of safety. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 2002. 35(2 Pt 2): p. S1-93.

[3]. Humphries, P., E. Pretorius, and H. Naude, Direct and indirect cellular effects of aspartame on the brain. Eur J Clin Nutr, 2008. 62(4): p. 451-62.

[相关活性小分子]

阿斯巴甜物理化学性质

[ 密度 ]:
1.3±0.1 g/cm3

[ 沸点 ]:
535.8±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg

[ 熔点 ]:
242-248 °C

[ 分子式 ]:
C₁₄H₁₈N₂O₅

[ 分子量 ]:
294.303

[ 闪点 ]:
277.8±30.1 °C

[ 精确质量 ]:
294.121582

[ PSA ]:
118.72000

[ LogP ]:
1.11

[ 外观性状 ]:
白色粉末或片

[ 蒸汽压 ]:
0.0±1.5 mmHg at 25°C

[ 折射率 ]:
1.557

[ 储存条件 ]:
通风低温干燥

阿斯巴甜MSDS

详细MSDS(安全技术说明书)

阿斯巴甜毒性和生态

CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION

RTECS NUMBER :: WM3407000

CHEMICAL NAME :: Succinamic acid, 3-amino-N-(alpha-carboxyphenethyl)-, N-methyl ester, stereoisomer

CAS REGISTRY NUMBER :: 22839-47-0

LAST UPDATED :: 199701

DATA ITEMS CITED :: 16

MOLECULAR FORMULA :: C14-H18-N2-O5

MOLECULAR WEIGHT :: 294.34

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Human - woman

DOSE/DURATION :: 3710 ug/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Skin and Appendages - dermatitis, allergic (after systemic exposure)

REFERENCE :: AIMEAS Annals of Internal Medicine. (American College of Physicians, 4200 Pine St., Philadelphia, PA 19104) V.1- 1927- Volume(issue)/page/year: 104,207,1986

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: >10 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :: TOVEFN Toksikologicheskii Vestnik. (18-20 Vadkovskii per. Moscow, 101479, Russia) History Unknown Volume(issue)/page/year: (3),37,1996

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: >5 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :: TOVEFN Toksikologicheskii Vestnik. (18-20 Vadkovskii per. Moscow, 101479, Russia) History Unknown Volume(issue)/page/year: (3),37,1996

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: >10 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :: TOVEFN Toksikologicheskii Vestnik. (18-20 Vadkovskii per. Moscow, 101479, Russia) History Unknown Volume(issue)/page/year: (3),37,1996

TYPE OF TEST :: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: >5 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :: TOVEFN Toksikologicheskii Vestnik. (18-20 Vadkovskii per. Moscow, 101479, Russia) History Unknown Volume(issue)/page/year: (3),37,1996 ** OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE TOXICITY DATA **

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 1456 gm/kg/2Y-C

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - other changes in urine composition Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - changes in calcium

REFERENCE :: TXCYAC Toxicology. (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland, Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 1973- Volume(issue)/page/year: 21,91,1981

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 1012 gm/kg/13W-C

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Behavioral - changes in motor activity (specific assay) Behavioral - alteration of operant conditioning Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain

REFERENCE :: JEPTDQ Journal of Environmental Pathology and Toxicology. (Park Forest South, IL) V.1-5(3), 1977-81(?). For publisher information, see JEPOEC. Volume(issue)/page/year: 3(5-6),341,1980

TYPE OF TEST :: TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Inhalation

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :: 4530 ug/m3/24H/6W-C

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Liver - other changes Endocrine - other changes Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - other changes

REFERENCE :: TOVEFN Toksikologicheskii Vestnik. (18-20 Vadkovskii per. Moscow, 101479, Russia) History Unknown Volume(issue)/page/year: (3),37,1996

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :: Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :: 19500 mg/kg/30D-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Brain and Coverings - other degenerative changes

REFERENCE :: FCTOD7 Food and Chemical Toxicology. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.20- 1982- Volume(issue)/page/year: 25,565,1987 ** REPRODUCTIVE DATA **

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

DOSE :: 275 gm/kg

SEX/DURATION :: male 2 week(s) pre-mating female 2 week(s) pre-mating - 16 day(s) post-birth

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral

REFERENCE :: NETOD7 Neurobehavioral Toxicology. (Fayetteville, NY) V.1-2, 1979-80. For publisher information, see NTOTDY. Volume(issue)/page/year: 1,79,1979

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

DOSE :: 106 gm/kg

SEX/DURATION :: lactating female 12 day(s) post-birth

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)

REFERENCE :: JEPTDQ Journal of Environmental Pathology and Toxicology. (Park Forest South, IL) V.1-5(3), 1977-81(?). For publisher information, see JEPOEC. Volume(issue)/page/year: 3(5-6),375,1980

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

DOSE :: 449 gm/kg

SEX/DURATION :: male 2 week(s) pre-mating female 2 week(s) pre-mating - 21 day(s) post-birth

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - weaning or lactation index (e.g., # alive at weaning per # alive at day 4)

REFERENCE :: NETOD7 Neurobehavioral Toxicology. (Fayetteville, NY) V.1-2, 1979-80. For publisher information, see NTOTDY. Volume(issue)/page/year: 1,79,1979

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

DOSE :: 4 gm/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 15-18 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral

REFERENCE :: RCPBDC Research Communications in Psychology, Psychiatry and Behavior. (PJD Pub. Ltd., P.O. Box 966, Westbury, NY 11590) V.1- 1976- Volume(issue)/page/year: 9,385,1985

TYPE OF TEST :: TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :: Oral

DOSE :: 32500 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :: female 1-65 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :: Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral

REFERENCE :: NETEEC Neurotoxicology and Teratology. (Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523) V.9- 1987- Volume(issue)/page/year: 11,413,1989

阿斯巴甜安全信息

[ 个人防护装备 ]:
Eyeshields;Gloves;type N95 (US);type P1 (EN143) respirator filter

[ 危害码 (欧洲) ]:
Xi

[ 安全声明 (欧洲) ]:
S22-S24/25

[ 危险品运输编码 ]:
NONH for all modes of transport

[ WGK德国 ]:
2

[ RTECS号 ]:
WM3407000

[ 海关编码 ]:
2924299090

阿斯巴甜上下游产品

阿斯巴甜上游产品

阿斯巴甜下游产品

阿斯巴甜制备

天冬甜精的制备通常有化学合成和酶法合成两种。
酶法合成
武汉大学化学系陶国良等人给出了下述合成路线：
I的制备将0.5mmol苄氧羰酰天冬氨酸、1.5mmol苯丙氨酸甲酯盐酸盐和2.5mL水加入25mL的锥形瓶中，用氨水调节Ph值到6，加入7mg嗜热蛋白酶，在40℃下搅拌反应6h。过滤并用蒸馏水洗涤、干燥得白色固体(I)0.29g，产率95.6%，熔点116～118℃。元素分析结果：C 62.96%，H6.09%。N 6.65%。
(2)Ⅱ的制备将样品Ⅰ 0.5g和20mL3mol/L的盐酸加入25mL的锥形瓶中，在45℃下搅拌反应0.5h。过滤并用蒸馏水洗涤、干燥得产物Ⅱ0.32g，产率92%，熔点129～131℃。元素分析结果：C 61.45 %,H 5.42%，N 6.82%。
Ⅲ的制备将0.2g钯碳(10%)催化剂、20mL冰醋酸、5mL水加入100mL三口烧瓶，氢化活化1.5h。加入溶有0.6gⅡ的20mL冰醋酸，在30℃搅拌氢化6h。反应完毕后过滤，催化剂用冰醋酸洗涤3次；将滤液和洗液减压浓缩至干，加入15mL苯，继续减压浓缩至干得白色固体，干燥得产物Ⅲ0.38g，产率为92.3%，熔点245℃。元素分析结果：C 55.63%，H6.23%，N 8.96%。
化学合成法
以天冬氨酸和苯丙氨酸为原料，通过氨基保护、内酐、缩合、水解、中和等步骤合成。保护基团不同，甲酯化次序不同，可以有各种不同的合成方法。如采用甲酰基作为保护基团和后甲酯化的工艺路线，其
向250mL烧瓶中投入27mL 95%的甲醇和0.2g氧化镁，待氧化镁溶解后，加入100mL 98%的醋酐，此时温度逐渐升至40℃。加入67gL-天冬氨酸，升温至50℃，搅拌保温反应2.5h，补加15mL98%的醋酐，继续保温反应2.5h，加入16mL异丙醇，继续反应1.5h，反应结束后冷至室温。
将上述内酐化物加入1000mL烧瓶，再加入207mL醋酸乙酯和66Gl-苯丙氨酸，在25~30℃下搅拌1.5h，再加入冰醋酸126mL，继续反应4.5h，反应结束后真空脱除溶剂，至反应体系温度65℃为止。
然后加入35%的盐酸45mL，升温至60 ℃，回流反应2h。水解结束后，进行常压蒸馏直到馏出温度达63℃(反应体系温度73℃)为止，补加甲醇180mL，继续常压蒸馏至体系温度85℃为止。冷却至25℃后，真空脱除轻组分。
向上述水解反应液中加入35%的盐酸54mL、甲醇9mL和水43mL，在20~30℃下酯化反应7d。然后抽滤、水洗分离出α-APM盐酸盐。将其溶于600mL蒸馏水，于40℃下用5%～10%的NaOH溶液中和至Ph=4.5。冷却至5℃以下，抽滤、洗涤得α-APM粗品，然后溶于500mL甲醇和水(体积比1：2)的混合液。经冷却结晶、抽滤洗涤、真空干燥，收率45%(以L一苯丙氨酸计)。
日本学者提出一条不加保护的路线：
将90g苯丙氨酸甲酯盐酸盐溶于450mL水，用24g碳酸钠中和，再用2个350mL的二氯乙烯萃取得苯丙氨酸甲酯。萃取液中加入9g醋酸和8mL甲醇，再于-20℃下加入15.2g天冬氨酸酐盐酸盐，保温搅拌30min后，依次加入70~80℃的热水350mL和碳酸钠(5.7g)溶液300mL。用150mL二氯乙烯分2次萃取剩余的苯丙氨酸甲酯后，水层用稀盐酸调Ph值至4.8。此水溶液用纸电泳测得含有18.2g(摩尔收率60%)的α-APM和6.1g(摩尔收率20%)的β-APM。此水溶液真空浓缩至100mL，加．36%的盐酸30mL，置冰箱内过夜。析出α-APM·HCl结晶21.3g(收率58%)，将结晶滤出并溶解于200mL的水中。溶液在搅拌、50℃下，用5%的碳酸钠溶液调Ph值至4.8，然后置冰箱中过夜，析出并过滤得α-APM结晶13.0g(收率43%)。结晶溶于500mL水，在45℃下通过Dowex 1×4(醋酸盐形式)柱子(1×20cm)，并用20mL水冲洗，流出液与洗液一起真空浓缩，析出α-APM结晶11.2g。收率37%，熔点235~236℃(分解)，比旋光度α_D²²+32.0°(C=1，醋酸中)。元素分析结果：C 55.30%，H 6.19%，N 9.36%。

阿斯巴甜海关

[ 海关编码 ]: 2924299090

[ 中文概述 ]:
2924299090. 其他环酰胺（包括环氨基甲酸酯）（包括其衍生物以及他们的盐）. 增值税率:17.0%. 退税率:13.0%. 监管条件:无. 最惠国关税:6.5%. 普通关税:30.0%

[ 申报要素 ]: 品名, 成分含量, 用途, 包装

[ Summary ]:
2924299090. other cyclic amides (including cyclic carbamates) and their derivatives; salts thereof. VAT:17.0%. Tax rebate rate:13.0%. . MFN tariff:6.5%. General tariff:30.0%

阿斯巴甜文献

Determination of eight artificial sweeteners and common Stevia rebaudiana glycosides in non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages by reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry.

Anal. Bioanal. Chem 407(5) , 1505-12, (2015)

The method for the determination of acesulfame-K, saccharine, cyclamate, aspartame, sucralose, alitame, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, neotame and five common steviol glycosides (rebaudioside A, rebau...

Artificial sweeteners induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota.

Nature , doi:10.1038/nature13793, (2014)

Non-caloric artificial sweeteners (NAS) are among the most widely used food additives worldwide, regularly consumed by lean and obese individuals alike. NAS consumption is considered safe and benefici...

Modulation of sweet taste by umami compounds via sweet taste receptor subunit hT1R2.

PLoS ONE 10(4) , e0124030, (2015)

Although the five basic taste qualities-sweet, sour, bitter, salty and umami-can be recognized by the respective gustatory system, interactions between these taste qualities are often experienced when...

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