Direct Carbonylation of Benzyl Alcohol and Its Analogs Catalyzed by Palladium and HI in Aqueous Systems and Mechanistic Studies.

~33%

~18%

~47%

~9%

~0%

~90%

~96%

~68%

~72%

~%

~11%

~57%

~9%

~2%

~3%

~5%

~88%

~0%

~10%

~7%

~0%