Bezafibrate

Bezafibrate is an agonist of PPAR, with EC50s of 50 μM, 60 μM, 20 μM for human PPARα, PPARγ and PPARδ, and 90 μM, 55 μM, 110 μM for murine PPARα, PPARγ and PPARδ, respectively; Bezafibrate is used as an hypolipidemic agent.

Research Areas >> Metabolic Disease

Research Areas >> Cardiovascular Disease

hPPARδ:20 μM (EC50)

hPPARα:50 μM (EC50)

hPPARγ:60 μM (EC50)

Bezafibrate is an agonist of PPAR, with EC50s of 90 μM, 55 μM, 110 μM for murine PPARα, PPARγ and PPARδ, and 50 μM, 60 μM, 20 μM for human PPARα, PPARγ and PPARδ, respectively[1]. Bezafibrate (> 200 μM) shows significant cytotoxicity against human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) and human retinal pigment epithelial ARPE-19 cells. Bezafibrate (30-100 μM) suppresses tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α induced inflammatory factors and regulates TNFα induced nuclear factor (NF)-κB transactivation in HRMEC. Bezafibrate inhibits VEGF-induced HRMECs migration, and inhibits interleukin (IL)-1β-induced VEGF secretion of ARPE-19 cells[2].

Bezafibrate (0.5%) markedly reduces plasma lipid and glucose levels, and increases islet area in the pancreas in TallyHo mice. Bezafibrate also improves energy expenditure and metabolic flexibility. Moreover, Bezafibrate ameliorates steatosis, modifies lipid composition and increases mitochondrial mass in the liver[3].

Cell viability is assessed using the CCK-8 kit. Hhuman retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) or ARPE-19 cells are seeded at 5000 cells/well in medium containing 10% serum in 96-well plates. After a 24-h incubation, the medium is serum-starved with 1% FBS for 6 h, the CCK-8 reagent is added, and the absorbance of the resultant solution is measured at 450 nm by using a microplate reader at three time points, 24, 48, and 72 h after treatment with Bezafibrate (0, 10, 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1000 μM)[2].

TallyHo mice are bred in our animal facility. Only male mice are used in the study, and mice receive a standard diet (SD), which is supplemented with 0.5% (w/w) Bezafibrate for the Bezafibrate groups for 8 weeks. Animals are killed by isoflurane overdose, and dissected tissues are prepared as stated below. All data represent samples taken after 8 weeks of Bezafibrate (or SD) treatment unless otherwise stated[3].

[1]. Willson TM, et al. The PPARs: from orphan receptors to drug discovery. J Med Chem. 2000 Feb 24;43(4):527-50.

[2]. Usui-Ouchi A, et al. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor pan-agonist bezafibrate suppresses microvascular inflammatory responses of retinal endothelial cells and vascular endothelial growth factor production in retinal pigmented epithelial cells. Int Immunopharmacol. 2017 Nov;52:70-76.

[3]. Franko A, et al. Bezafibrate ameliorates diabetes via reduced steatosis and improved hepatic insulin sensitivity in diabetic TallyHo mice. Mol Metab. 2017 Jan 6;6(3):256-266.

GW9662 | Retinoic acid | Elafibranor | GW501516 | Troglitazone | T0070907 | Pemafibrate | CDDO-Im | Wy-14643 | GW0742 | GW1929 | FH535 | Icariin | Daidzein | Fisetin

MOLECULAR FORMULA :

C19-H20-Cl-N-O4

MOLECULAR WEIGHT :

361.85

WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :

QVX1&1&OR D2MVR DG

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Human - man

DOSE/DURATION :

514 mg/kg/60D-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Peripheral Nerve and Sensation - sensory change involving peripheral nerve

REFERENCE :

BMJOAE British Medical Journal. (British Medical Assoc., BMA House, Tavistock Sq., London WC1H 9JR, UK) V.1- 1857- Volume(issue)/page/year: 309,929,1994

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Human - man

DOSE/DURATION :

1326 mg/kg/37W-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis)

REFERENCE :

LANCAO Lancet. (7 Adam St., London WC2N 6AD, UK) V.1- 1823- Volume(issue)/page/year: 341,371,1993

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

1082 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - respiratory depression Gastrointestinal - tumors

REFERENCE :

KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 22,4293,1988

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

505 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

MDACAP Medicamentos de Actualidad. (J.R. Prous, S.A., Apartado de Correos 540, 08080 Barcelona, Spain) V.1- 1965- Volume(issue)/page/year: 15,215,1979

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

1580 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - respiratory depression Gastrointestinal - tumors

REFERENCE :

KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 22,4293,1988

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

723 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Behavioral - altered sleep time (including change in righting reflex) Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - respiratory depression

REFERENCE :

KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 22,4293,1988

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

500 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

MDACAP Medicamentos de Actualidad. (J.R. Prous, S.A., Apartado de Correos 540, 08080 Barcelona, Spain) V.1- 1965- Volume(issue)/page/year: 15,215,1979

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Subcutaneous

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

1635 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

REFERENCE :

NIIRDN Drugs in Japan (Ethical Drugs). (Yakugyo Jiho Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) Volume(issue)/page/year: -,1226,1995

TYPE OF TEST :

LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Primate - monkey

DOSE/DURATION :

2 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - chronic pulmonary edema Gastrointestinal - other changes Liver - other changes

REFERENCE :

KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 22,4337,1988 ** OTHER MULTIPLE DOSE TOXICITY DATA **

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

27300 mg/kg/13W-C

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Liver - other changes Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - other changes Endocrine - changes in adrenal weight

REFERENCE :

KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 22,4301,1988

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

350 mg/kg/7D-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Liver - changes in liver weight Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - hepatic microsomal mixed oxidase (dealkylation, hydroxylation, etc.) Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - other transferases

REFERENCE :

ARTODN Archives of Toxicology. (Springer-Verlag, Heidelberger Pl. 3, D-1000 Berlin 33, Fed. Rep. Ger.) V.32- 1974- Volume(issue)/page/year: 66,327,1992

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Primate - monkey

DOSE/DURATION :

45500 mg/kg/13W-C

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Liver - other changes Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - other changes Blood - normocytic anemia

REFERENCE :

KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 22,4337,1988 ** REPRODUCTIVE DATA **

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

8800 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 7-17 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - sex ratio

REFERENCE :

KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 22,4415,1988

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system

REFERENCE :

KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 22,4415,1988

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

1 gm/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 17-21 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - stillbirth Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - live birth index (measured after birth) Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - other neonatal measures or effects

REFERENCE :

KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 22,4433,1988

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

450 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 17-21 day(s) after conception lactating female 4 day(s) post-birth

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4 per # born alive)

REFERENCE :

KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 22,4433,1988

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

3900 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 6-18 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetal death

REFERENCE :

KSRNAM Kiso to Rinsho. Clinical Report. (Yubunsha Co., Ltd., 1-5, Kanda Suda-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, KS Bldg., Tokyo 101, Japan) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 22,4453,1988